Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj thiab kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ntau, ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nkag mus rau ib puag ncig los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev. Qee qhov ntawm cov tebchaw no tuaj yeem degraded sai los ntawm cov kab mob hauv dej lossis av.
Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj ntau ntau cov lus sib txuas uas muaj cov qauv sib txawv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov organic muaj teeb meem. Tam sim no, tsis muaj microbial system uas tuaj yeem ua tau zoo li cov tebchaw tau pom. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov no suav ua yeeb yam rau cov yam ntxwv nyuaj ua rau muaj kev nyuaj los ntawm cov kab mob me, ua rau muaj cov tebchaw no thiab suav nrog ib puag ncig ntev. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj tshuaj lom heev thiab tej zaum muaj "peb-kev txom nyem" teebmeem, uas yog kev hem thawj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
-Txoj kev-
Qhov yooj yim tivthaiv ntawm cov hluavtaws xab npum yog surfactant, thiab nws cov qauv molecular yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm asymmetry. Tag nrho cov miscule ntawm surfactant tuaj yeem faib ua ob ntu: yog tau hu ua Lipophobic Group) lossis ib ob leeg yog hydrophilic polar pawg, hu ua Hydrophilic pawg (Hydrophobic pab pawg).
Yog li ntawd, surfactant molecules muaj amphiphilic cov khoom. Dej phwj thiab muaj dej khib nyiab siv surfactants muaj ntau npaum li cas ntawm surfactants. Piv txwv li, cov khoom siv nquag ntawm cov tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws yog dodecyl sulfonate, uas yog qhov ua surfactant. Nws pab pawg Hydrophilic yog -os03 thiab nws cov pab pawg hydrophobic yog cov hlua hydrocarbon muaj lub nplhaib benzene.
Surfactants feem ntau muab faib ua ntau hom raws li cov qauv tshuaj ntawm lub surfactant molecule. Txij li cov pab pawg hydrophilic ntawm surfactant feem ntau tsuas muaj cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen, qhov sib txawv hauv Lipophilicity tsis pom tseeb heev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov pab pawg hydrophilic hauv ntau surfactant molecules tuaj yeem sib txawv ntau, yog li tib neeg ib txwm ua raws li cov pawg thiab cov pab pawg Hydrophilic hauv lub surfactant molecules.
Raws li lawv cov hom ion, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua Ionic surfactants, thiab ionic surfactants, thiab ionic surfactants, thiab lwm yam raws li surfactant ions tsim hauv dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb surfactants.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kuv lub teb chaws cov tshuaj ntxuav tes kev lag luam tau tsim sai heev, thiab nws cov zis tau nce xyoo los ntawm lub xyoo. Muaj ob hom surfactants: 1, 2-aminobenzene sulfonate, feem ntau hu ua tawv detergent (ABS luv luv), muaj phosphorus thiab yooj yim los ua npuas dej ntau, vim nws lub hauv paus muaj ntau cov saw thiab muaj 4 carbon. atoms, nws yog ib qho nyuaj biodegradable organic teeb meem.
Feem ntau siv ua ntej xyoo 1960: Lineear {1}} Aminiaply dulfonate, ua npuas ncauj, ua npuas ncauj tau zoo heev, tab sis tseem muaj phosphorus. Phosphorus yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ua rau Eutrophication dej.
Ntawm cov surfactants uas tau tam sim no siv tau ntau dua hauv kuv lub teb chaws, feem ntau lini {% ntawm tag nrho, tsis yog-ionic sursairs tus account rau 20% ntawm tag nrho, thiab lwm tus account rau 10%.
Las yog cov khoom nyuaj biodegradable. Nws cov kev siv dav dav siv tsis muaj kuab paug rau cov dej ib puag ncig. Nws muaj npe raws li chav kawm thib ob hauv kuv lub teb chaws ib puag ncig cov qauv.
Surfactants (CLAS) nyob rau hauv Wastewater nyob rau hauv ob daim ntawv: dispersed lub xeev thiab adsorption ntawm cov npoo colloid hais. Anionic Surfactants muaj cov nuj nqi ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab tua cov kab mob sib kis, thiab tseem yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam lom neeg lom zem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov foaming ntawm surfactants hauv dej yuav txo tus renoxygenation tus nqi thiab qib oxygenation qib, ua rau cov dej zoo rau kev tshem tawm. Yog tias nws raug rho tawm ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub cev dej tsis muaj kev kho mob, nws yuav emulsify ntawm lwm cov pa phem, thiab nce cov kuab paug ntawm lwm cov kuab paug, ua rau muaj kuab paug tsis ncaj.
Synthetic detergents tsis yog tsuas yog siv dav hauv tsev neeg lub neej txhua hnub, tab sis kuj tseem siv hauv kev lag luam textile fiber ntau, kev lag luam papermaking, kev lag luam tawv thiab kev lag luam khoom noj.
-Plasticizer-
Txij li thaum hyatt siv stick lub hlwb ua ib lub tshuab yas rau cellulose nitrate ntawm xyoo 1868, cov tshuab yas tau tsim kom sai. Nws muaj cov zis ntau tshaj plaws thiab kev noj ntawm tag nrho cov roj hmab thiab yas ua ntxiv tso quav, thiab muaj ntau ntau yam.
Kev tsim cov tshuab yas hauv kuv lub tebchaws tau pib thaum nruab nrab -1950 s, tab sis kev txhim kho nrawm. Nws tau tsim sai dua txij li xyoo 1990. Raws li 2023, muaj ntau tshaj 300 lub chaw tsim khoom loj dua hauv txhua lub xeev, cov cheeb tsam autoned thiab cov neeg nyob hauv zej zog tshwj tsis yog tibet. Muaj peev xwm ntau lawm yog kwv yees kom ncav cuag 2 lab tons, thiab muaj ntau lub peev xwm loj uas muaj peev xwm ntau lawm ntawm 10, {}}} tons.
Tam sim no, ntau yam ntawm plasticizers zoo li ua tiav. Plasticizers tuaj yeem muab faib ua phthalates, lwm yam benzoates, aliphatic dibasic acid esters, phosphate esters, epoxies, benzene polyacid esters, roj av vinegar, chlorinated paraffin thiab polyester plasticizers raws li lawv cov qauv tshuaj.
Nplaim taws retardant tshuab nqus tsev, liphote pastisted roj, epoxy restseed roj, epoxy-epseed roj, resistant roj yas muaj xws li bbp, extraction- Cov cuab yeej tiv taus suav nrog polyester kasterizers, tsis muaj tshuaj nkoog cov hlua taws muaj xws li dosutyl entyl access, zaub mov dop.
Tam sim no, muaj 30 txog 40 siv cov tshuab yas uas nquag. Ob peb cov khoom siv sib txuas tau qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no.
Plasticizers feem ntau yog acetic acid compounds, uas yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws. Lawv nyuaj rau biodegrade tebchaw thiab kuj yog cov kuab paug lom. Cov dej khib nyiab muaj coj acetic acid plasticizers rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj. Tom qab lawv nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau mob nephritis thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab tshuaj loog rau hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb.
-Synthetic tshuaj tua kab-
Tam sim no, muaj ntau dua 1,{1}} hom tshuaj tua kab hluavtaws tsim thiab siv hauv ntiaj teb. Lub ntiaj teb no cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab (raws li cov khoom xyaw nquag) yog kwv yees li 2 lab tons, feem ntau yog organochlorine, organophosphorus thiab carbamate, cov tshuaj tua kab yog 800,000 tons (40%), tshuaj tua kab yog 700,{{7 }} tons (35%), fungicides yog 400, 000 tons (20%), thiab lwm yam yog hais txog 100, 000 tons. Nrog kev nce ntxiv hauv kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig hauv cov teb chaws tsim kho, kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab tau maj mam hloov mus rau cov teb chaws tsim, thiab kuv lub teb chaws cov tshuaj tua kab kuj tseem nce ntxiv, thiab cov khoom tsim tawm txhua xyoo tau mus txog ntau dua 200,000 tons.
Ecychlorine tshuaj tua kab (OCPS) yog chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj lom, nyuaj-rau-dengade organic tshuaj nrog cov tshuaj pleev cov tshuaj ruaj khov. Lawv feem ntau soluble hauv cov rog, lipids lossis cov kuab tshuaj organic. Lawv tus txheeb ze cov roj av feem ntau yog 300 ~ 400, suav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab ntxov thiab feem ntau yog, litharcha, heprinhlor, aldrin, dieldrin, thiab lwm yam.
Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj siv tshuaj lom neeg tsis tshua muaj tshuaj tua kab, qhov nyuaj rau kev lwj siab, thiab lub sijhawm ntev ntev.
DDT, aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, mirex thiab toxaphene muaj nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov kuab paug tsis tu ncua ntawm Stockholm Convention. HCH yog ib qho ntawm 129 qhov tseem ceeb tswj cov pa phem uas tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm US PA.
Cov tshuaj tua kab Organochlorine muaj cov solubility tsawg hauv dej thiab yuav adsorbed los ntawm cov av hais tom qab nkag mus rau ib puag ncig, thiab lub sijhawm khaws cia tuaj yeem ntev li ntau xyoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob hauv dej hauv ib puag ncig muaj lub peev xwm los txhawb cov tshuaj tua kab organochlorine. Tom qab nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, cov tshuaj tua kab organochlorine tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv cov ntaub so ntswg xws li lub siab, lub raum, thiab lub plawv.
Vim tias cov tshuaj tua kab organochlorine yog cov tshuaj lom heev thiab nyuaj rau decompose, lawv yuav txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv cov xwm txheej thiab ua rau muaj kuab paug thib ob. Yog li ntawd, kuv lub teb chaws tau txwv lawv cov khoom tsim thiab siv txij li xyoo 1970.
Cov tshuaj tua kab organophosphorus uas nquag siv tam sim no tau tsim los hloov cov tshuaj tua kab organochlorine. Cov tshuaj tua kab Organophosphorus suav nrog ntau dua 80% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj tua kab, suav nrog trichlorfon, dimethoate, dichlorvos, methyl parathion, malathion thiab parathion, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau cov txheeb ze molecular loj ntawm 275 ~ 375, uas yog ib qho nyuaj rau biodegrade. organic teeb meem.
Lub logarithmic tus nqi ntawm cov solubility ntawm organophosphorus tshuaj tua kab hauv dej yog 1 ~ 2mg / l. Hom kev sib txuas no yooj yim dua rau kev ua haujlwm ntau dua li cov tshuaj tua kab, yog li nws lub sijhawm rov ua haujlwm hauv ib puag ncig yog luv dua. Vim nws cov dej solubility zoo, nws cov kev ua tiav kev ua tiav thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig
-Staus Tow-
Dyes tau hais txog cov tshuaj organic uas tuaj yeem muaj xim fibers thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab muab faib ua ob pawg: ntuj thiab hluavtaws.
Ntuj tuag tau muab faib ua cov nroj tsuag uas tuag, xws li Alizarin, thiab lwm yam.: Tsiaj txhu tuag, xws li Trichodoma. Synthetic Dyes, tseem hu ua cov khoom siv dag siab, feem ntau yog distilled los ntawm cov roj av, lossis ua tiav los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, feem ntau yog hu ua "quav cawv. Vim tias cov hluavtaws hluavtaws feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov roj phenyl ceg yog cov khoom nyoos nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm raw hauv lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm kev loj hlob, qee zaum hu ua "kev ua hauj lwm rau Aniline Dyes".
Piv nrog ntuj dyes, hluavtees hluavtaws muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov xim qaim, wasility, thiab kav ntev. Plaub, lawv tuaj yeem ua tau loj. Lawv tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam xws li cov ntawv nyeem, luam ntawv thiab tawg, papermaking, tshuaj thiab khoom noj.
Cov dyes tau muab faib ua azo dyes, direct dyes, disperse dyes thiab sulfur dyes raws li lawv cov qauv tshuaj. Ntawm lawv, azo dyes yog siv dav tshaj plaws ntawm ntau yam lossis ntau. Cov qauv ntawm azo dye molecules muaj benzene rings thiab "-N=N-" bonds, thiab cov qauv molecular yog qhov ruaj khov. Cov dej khib nyiab tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm azo dyes muaj cov organic teeb meem siab thiab chromaticity, thiab nws yog qhov nyuaj rau degrade ib txwm muaj tom qab tso tawm rau hauv ib puag ncig. Feem ntau, lub Hoobkas zas xim ua rau cov dej hauv av ntawm tus dej los yog ob lub zos muaj kuab paug, thiab nws muaj "ua rau" cuam tshuam. Nws tsis yooj yim rau degrade txawm tias nws nyob hauv ib puag ncig ntev, uas yog qhov tsis zoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
Tam sim no, cov dyes siv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws thoob plaws ntiaj teb no mas yog cov hluavtaws dyes, nrog rau kwv yees li ib xyoos twg ntawm 800, 000 tons, thiab ntau thiab ntau npaum li cas dyes tseem loj hlob. Kev lag luam dyeing yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam chemical zoo. Ntau lub lag luam siv ntau yam xim, xws li textiles, luam ntawv thiab dyeing, papermaking, zaub mov kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam., uas tso tawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj ntau yam hluavtaws dyes rau hauv ib puag ncig.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm hluavtaws dyes yog complex muaj pes tsawg leeg, siab concentration, siab chromaticity, nyuaj degrade, thiab tsis zoo biodegradability. Yog tias tso tawm ncaj qha, nws yuav ua rau muaj kuab paug loj rau cov dej nyob ib puag ncig. Ntau tus lej ntawm cov xim hluavtaws yog qhov nyuaj rau biodegrade, thiab qee qhov tau raug pov thawj tias muaj tshuaj lom rau tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv siab concentrations, yuav luag tag nrho cov dyes muaj ib tug inhibitory nyhuv ntawm cov kab mob, thiab cationic dyes kuj muaj ib tug inhibitory nyhuv ntawm microorganisms ntawm tsawg concentrations.