I. Terms Related of "Dej"
1. Dej: Tshuaj formula H₂O, tseem hu ua dihydrogen monoxide, yog ib qho inorganic compound uas muaj hydrogen thiab oxygen. Nws yog cov kua dej tsis muaj xim thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw ntawm chav tsev kub thiab siab. Txawm hais tias hu ua "qhov chaw ntawm lub neej," suav tsis txheeb neeg tuag los ntawm nws txhua xyoo.
2. Cov Dej Haus Hauv Tsev: Cov dej siv rau haus thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev, feem ntau hu ua kais dej hauv nroog. Tus qauv siv yog GB5749-2022, Tus Qauv Kev Tu Kom Huv Rau Cov Dej Haus.
3. Cov Dej Muaj Dej: Dej siv hauv kev tsim khoom, feem ntau muab faib ua cov dej txias dej pleev xim, dej boiler pub dej, txheej txheem dej thiab cov khoom siv dej, ncaj qha - dej txias, dej ntxuav, thiab lwm yam. Cov qauv dej tiag tiag yuav tsum xa mus rau cov qauv thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm txhua qhov kev lag luam. Tus qauv siv yog GB / T 1576-2018, Muaj Boiler Dej Zoo, thiab lwm yam.
4. Cov dej khib nyiab hauv nroog: Ib lo lus dav dav suav nrog cov kav dej phwj hauv tsev, tso cai rau cov dej khib nyiab, cov dej nkag hauv av, thiab cov dej nag los cuam tshuam hauv cov kav dej ua ke. Tus qauv siv tau yog GB 8978-1996 Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard thiab cov qauv kev lag luam thiab cov kev cai.
5. Reclaimed water/recycled water: Cov dej khib nyiab hauv nroog uas tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab kom ua tau raws li qee qhov kev xav tau dej zoo thiab cov kev xav tau, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau kev siv tau zoo. Tus qauv siv yog GB / T 19923-2024 Kev Siv Dej Siv Hauv Nroog rau Kev Siv, thiab lwm yam.
6. Greywater: Cov dej uas tau ua tiav kev kho kom huv huv hauv nroog cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog (xws li dej los ntawm kev kho ob theem tom qab los ntawm kev kho ntxiv ntawm cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab, thiab cov dej hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov tsev loj thiab cov zej zog, xws li da dej da dej thiab zaub ntxhua khaub ncaws). Nws qhov zoo yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov dej kais dej (dej nkag mus rau qhov system) thiab cov dej phwj tawm mus rau hauv cov kav dej (cov dej khib nyiab), yog li lub npe "greywater."
Lus Cim: (1) Thaum xub thawj, cov dej rov qab tau txhais tias yog kev siv cov dej phwj hauv tsev, feem ntau yog siv hauv cov dej num hauv nroog loj. Tam sim no, nws feem ntau hais txog cov dej zoo uas tuaj yeem rov qab siv tau tom qab kev lim dej hauv nroog loj. Hauv kev tsim dej khib nyiab, nws yog hu ua "cov dej rov qab," thiab hauv cov chaw tsim khoom, nws yog hu ua "dej rov siv dua," feem ntau txawv ntawm cov dej zoo.
(2) Hauv daim ntawv thov kev kho dej hauv daim nyias nyias ntawm "reclaimed water reuse," thawj (A lossis B) / theem nrab cov qauv dej zoo tom qab kev kho mob tob hauv cov dej phwj hauv nroog feem ntau yog siv los ua cov dej tsis zoo pretreatment, nrog rau cov txheej txheem pretreatment kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm RO membrane system cov ntsuas dej zoo.
(3) Hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, xws li daim ntawv thov ntawm daim nyias nyias tshwj xeeb, cov dej muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tuaj yeem tshaj li cov qauv dej siab saum toj no, thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov dej zoo thiab daim ntawv thov.
Kev kho dej phwj tuaj cog thawj/secondary effluent dej zoo txwv, zoo tib yam RO membrane system influent dej zoo txwv
7. Cov dej mos: dej tom qab tshem tawm tag nrho lossis feem ntau cov calcium thiab magnesium ions. Tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke rau kev faib dej hardness.
Hauv kev kho dej, thaum tag nrho hardness ntawm cov dej nyoos yog<5 mmol/L (500 mg/L, calculated as CaCO3, the same below), the ideal effluent hardness after treatment by a water softener (ion exchange softening process) is ≤0.03 mmol (3 mg/L).
Lus Cim: Tsis zoo li lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej mos, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej mos yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm calcium thiab magnesium ions hauv dej. Hauv thaj chaw kho dej, cov dej softened hais txog cov khoom dej tom qab cov txheej txheem softening. Vim hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb hardness (calcium thiab magnesium ions) nyob rau hauv cov dej nyoos sib txawv thiab cov kev kho mob muaj peev xwm ntawm softening txheej txheem txawv, cov khoom dej yuav tsis tas yuav tsum tau raws li cov qauv dej mos (hardness tsawg dua los yog sib npaug zos rau 50 los yog 60 mg / L).
Yog li ntawd, kev hais lus nruj me ntsis, cov dej muag muag tsis tas yuav tsum yog cov dej muag muag, thiab cov dej muag tsis tas yuav tsum tau txais los ntawm cov txheej txheem softening (natural softening dej).
8. Desalted dej: Cov dej tiav lawm tom qab tshem tawm cov khib nyiab, colloids, thiab anions thiab cations los ntawm cov dej siv ntau yam txheej txheem kho dej.
Lus Cim: Hauv GB / T 1576-2018 tus qauv rau kev lag luam boiler dej zoo, dej demineralized tau txhais feem ntau yog dej kho los ntawm thim rov qab osmosis lossis thim rov qab osmosis ntxiv rau ion pauv. Qhov no txhais tau meej meej txawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus tsis meej "deionized water" thiab ze dua rau cov lus txhais los yog tus qauv ntawm "dej ntshiab."
9. Deionized dej: hais txog cov dej ntshiab tom qab ua tiav lossis tsis tiav tshem tawm cov impurities hauv daim ntawv ionic.
Lus Cim: Qhov no yog lub sij hawm kev lag luam thaum ntxov, sib npaug rau cov dej demineralized (nws puas tseem suav tias yog cov dej demineralized?), feem ntau xa mus rau cov dej ntshiab, thiab hauv cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb txawm hais txog cov dej ultrapure dej (resistivity 15-18 MΩ * cm); lub ntsiab txhais yog vague, thiab hais txog cov kab lus tsis muaj lawm.
10. Cov dej ntshiab: cov ntsiab lus dav dav rau cov dej uas muaj ob peb impurities thiab nws cov ntsuas ntsuas tau ua tau raws li cov cai. Nws feem ntau tsis to taub tias tsuas yog muaj "H2O," thiab tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus nruj lossis tus qauv. Cov dej ntshiab muaj qhov tsis muaj zog heev thiab yog cov electrolyte tsis muaj zog heev. Nyob rau hauv dav dav kev siv, purified dej nrog ib tug conductivity<10 μS/cm (sometimes relaxed to 15/20 μS/cm) after reverse osmosis or ion exchange treatment is often referred to as pure water.
Cov qauv hauv qab no muaj cov ntsiab lus tseeb thiab cov cim qhia thiab poob rau hauv ntau hom dej ntshiab: Haus dej huv (feem ntau hu ua dej huv) 《GB 19298-2014 National Food Safety Standard for Packaged Drinking Water》; Purified dej thiab dej rau kev txhaj tshuaj 《Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition》; Analytical Laboratory dej 《GB/T 6682-2008 Specifications and Test Methods for Water for Analytical Laboratories》; Electronic qib dej thiab dej ultrapure 《GB/T 11466.1-2013 Electronic Grade Water express, ASTM D5127-13 (2018) express, etc.
11. Cov dej huv huv: Cov dej tshuaj tau txais los ntawm cov dej haus los ntawm kev distillation, ion pauv, thim rov qab osmosis, lossis lwm txoj kev tsim nyog. Nws yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li cov kev cai (piv txwv li, conductivity: Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug ntawm 4.3 μS / cm, 20 degree; Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 5.1 μS / cm, 25 degree, thiab lwm yam), yuav tsum muaj xim tsis muaj xim, ntshiab kua, thiab tsis muaj additives. Tus qauv yog Suav Pharmacopoeia 2025.
12. Dej rau kev txhaj tshuaj: Tau los ntawm distillation ntawm purified dej, los yog npaj los ntawm ib tug purification txheej txheem sib npaug rau distillation (ib tug tseem ceeb hloov nyob rau hauv lo lus; qhov tseeb tsab ntawm lub Pharmacopoeia yog converging nrog thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau), thiab ua raws li cov kev cai tseem ceeb. Nws yuav tsum yog cov kua tsis muaj xim, ntshiab, tsis muaj tshuaj ntxiv, thiab ua tau raws li tus qauv ntawm Suav Pharmocopoeia 2025.
13. Cov Dej Purity Siab: Cov dej uas muaj tshuaj purity siab heev, hais txog cov dej uas yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau raug tshem tawm, thiab tsis yog - cov tshuaj colloidal dissociated, gases, thiab organic teeb meem tau raug tshem tawm mus rau theem qis heev. Cov ntsiab lus impurity tsawg dua 0.1 mg / L, conductivity tsawg dua 0.1 μS / cm, thiab pH yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 6.8 thiab 7.0.
Lus Cim: Cov saum toj no yog cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog tshaj plaws ntawm cov dej purity siab uas kuv tuaj yeem pom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus no tseem cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm "cov dej qib hluav taws xob" hauv GB / T 11466.1-2013 "Electronic Grade Water," uas txhais tau tias yog "cov dej purity siab siv hauv cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob," thiab nws cov qauv qhia ntsig txog. Nws belongs rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam thaum ntxov, dav xa mus rau qib hluav taws xob dej lossis dej ultrapure; lub ntsiab txhais yog vague, thiab hais txog cov kab lus tsis muaj lawm.
14. Electronic Qib Dej: Cov dej purity siab siv hauv cov txheej txheem hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ua raws li tus qauv GB/T 11466.1-2013 "Electronic Grade Water."
15. Ultrapure Water (UPW): Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov dej tsis muaj cov tshuaj uas tsis yog dej molecules. Hauv kev siv cov tswv yim, vim tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus nruj thiab cov qauv, cov dej ntshiab uas muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dua lossis sib npaug ntawm 18 MΩ * cm (25 degree) feem ntau hu ua dej ntshiab. Nws theoretical limiting resistivity yog 18.30 MΩ * cm, thiab daim ntawv thov - tshwj xeeb limiting resistivity yog kwv yees li 18.25 MΩ * cm. Rau kev siv tswv yim thiab tsim cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov dej ntshiab, nws raug nquahu kom xa mus rau cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua qhov kev lag luam.
Cov qauv hauv qab no muaj cov ntsiab lus tseeb thiab cov cim qhia thiab poob rau hauv lossis ze rau ntawm cov dej ntshiab ntshiab: Qib I dej rau cov chaw soj ntsuam (GB/T 6682-2008 Specifications and Test Methods for Water Use in Analytical Laboratories); EW-I qib dej rau kev lag luam hluav taws xob (GB/T 11466.1-2013 Electronic Grade Water); ASTM Hom E-1 / 1.1 / 1.2 / 1.3 qib dej (ASTM D5127-13 (2018)), thiab lwm yam.
16. Kev soj ntsuam dej hauv chav kuaj dej: Qhov no yog hais txog cov dej siv hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tshuaj thiab tshuaj xyuas cov kab mob inorganic, thiab ua raws li tus qauv GB/T 6682-2008, "Specifications and Test Methods for Analytical Laboratory Water".
17. Cov dej distilled: Qhov no tau los ntawm cov dej kub kom npau npau thiab tom qab ntawd sau cov dej uas tshwm sim rau hauv lub thawv huv. Feem ntau, qhov conductivity ntawm cov dej distilled yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 10 μS / cm, piv rau RO permeate. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev thaum ntxov los npaj cov dej ntshiab.
18. Ob chav distilled dej: Qhov no yog dej uas tau undergone thib ob distillation tom qab pib distillation. Cov dej uas tau dhau los ntawm ob qhov distillation muaj nws cov pyrogen qhov zoo tshem tawm, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau siab purity, xws li dej rau kev txhaj tshuaj. Cov conductivity ntawm ntau- dej distilled tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 1.0 μS / cm.
19. Rov qab Osmosis (RO) Dej: Cov dej permeate tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem thim rov qab osmosis, tseem hu ua rov qab osmosis khoom dej.
20. Raw Dej: Hauv daim nyias nyias -raws li kev kho dej, qhov no feem ntau yog hais txog cov dej thawj zaug rau tag nrho cov kab ke.
21. Inlet Dej: Hauv daim nyias nyias-raws li kev kho dej, qhov no feem ntau hais txog cov dej pub rau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, xws li rov qab osmosis pub dej lossis EDI pub dej.
22. Cov Khoom Siv Dej: Hauv daim nyias nyias- raws li kev kho dej, qhov no feem ntau yog hais txog ntau hom permeate (permeated water), feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog "dej ntshiab" lossis "dej huv"- qhov no tsis meej.
23. Concentrated Dej: Hauv daim nyias nyias-raws li kev kho dej, qhov no feem ntau yog hais txog cov dej khib nyiab, dej phwj tuaj, lossis cov kua khib nyiab uas muaj ntsev ntau thiab ntau cov kuab paug tawm tom qab muaj ntau yam txheej txheem sib cais.
Lus Cim: Hauv cov txheej txheem sib cais membrane, raws li cov khoom sib txawv, cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem raug categorized li purification, concentration, sib cais, thiab extraction. Thaum lub sij hawm purification, lub permeate (xws li permeate) yog cov khoom; thaum lub sij hawm concentration, lub retentate yog cov khoom; thaum sib cais, ob qho tib si permeate thiab retentate yog cov khoom; Thaum lub sij hawm rho tawm, cov khoom ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm kev tuav cia yog cov khoom. Hauv daim nyias nyias -raws li dej kho tshuab, xws li RO, cov khoom yog feem ntau permeate (permeate dej), yog li nws cov txheej txheem sib cais membrane yog suav tias yog purification. Cov lus piav qhia zoo sib xws tuaj yeem siv rau cov txheej txheem sib cais cov txheej txheem xws li MF, UF, NF, thiab EDI.