Rau cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm, kev saib xyuas, kev tswj xyuas kev ua haujlwm, kev debugging, thiab kev tswj kom zoo ntawm cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog, lub hauv paus ruaj khov hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb ua ntej rau kev ua haujlwm raug, kev daws teeb meem, thiab ua raws. Thaum cov txheej txheem kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog sib txawv, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem zoo ib yam; tag nrho cov khoom siv ua haujlwm, kev tswj xyuas qhov ntsuas, kev hloov kho, thiab kev tswj cov sludge revolve nyob ib ncig ntawm cov kev xav no.
Kab lus no, sib txuas cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog thiab cov qauv hauv nroog cov dej khib nyiab tam sim no, qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab yuav tsum tau ua. Cov ntsiab lus yog kev tshawb fawb nruj, tsis muaj kev lag luam yuam kev, thiab sib npaug theoretical tob nrog cov tswv yim qhia, ua rau nws haum rau cov neeg tuaj tshiab, tuam txhab- kev cob qhia dav, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas.
I. Core Positioning: Municipal Wastewater and the Core Logic of Wastewater Treatment
1. Kev txhais ntawm Municipal Wastewater
Cov dej khib nyiab hauv nroog tshwj xeeb yog hais txog cov dej khib nyiab sib xyaw los ntawm cov dej phwj hauv nroog, cov dej ntws tawm los ntawm tsoomfwv thiab cov tsev lag luam, kev tso dej hauv nroog, thiab qee qhov me me ntawm kev sib txuas ua raws qis -concentration pre- kho cov dej khib nyiab. Nws yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho dej hauv nroog kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig.
Tsis zoo li cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam, cov dej khib nyiab hauv nroog muaj qhov hloov pauv ruaj khov ntawm qhov ntau thiab zoo, feem ntau cov organic teeb meem, ntau tshaj nitrogen thiab phosphorus as-ham, thiab biodegradability zoo. Nws txoj kev kho mob feem ntau yog siv cov txheej txheem lom neeg, ntxiv los ntawm kev kho lub cev thiab tshuaj.
2. Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Kho Dej Num
Kev kho dej khib nyiab tseem ceeb siv plaub txoj hauv kev-kev sib cais ntawm lub cev, biodegradation, tshuaj lom neeg flocculation, thiab tshuaj tua kab mob kom ruaj khov- tshem tawm lossis hloov cov pa phem, cov pa phem organic, nitrogen thiab phosphorus cov as-ham, thiab cov kab mob hauv cov dej khib nyiab mus rau hauv cov khoom tsis zoo, kom ntseeg tau tias ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tso dej tawm los yog cov khoom siv pov tseg. txo cov kuab paug thiab kev siv cov khoom siv dej.
II. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej zoo ntsuas qhov ntsuas (Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas + Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Kho Cov Tub Ntxhais)
Cov ntsuas dej zoo yog lub hauv paus nkaus xwb rau kev txiav txim siab txog cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm thiab seb cov dej puas ua tau raws li cov qauv. Tag nrho cov kev khiav hauj lwm thiab txij nkawm hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsuas no. Cov hauv qab no yog 6 qhov tseem ceeb tswj kev ntsuas rau cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog:
1. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
Qhov no yog hais txog cov pa oxygen uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav oxidation ntawm tag nrho cov organic teeb meem thiab txo cov inorganic teeb meem nyob rau hauv dej los ntawm ib tug muaj zog oxidant.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Qhia tag nrho cov pa phem ntawm lub cev dej; tus nqi siab dua, qhov hnyav dua cov organic muaj kuab paug.
Txheej Txheem Kev Sib Tham: Feem ntau tshem tawm los ntawm microbial degradation hauv cov pas dej lom neeg thiab coagulation sedimentation.
Kev tsom xam: Kev COD ntau dhau feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev cuam tshuam, kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus hauv cov kab mob lom neeg, thiab cov sludge tsis zoo.
2. BOD₅ (5-hnub Biochemical Oxygen Demand): yog hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov pa oxygen uas siv los ntawm biochemical decomposition ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv dej hauv 5 hnub.
Qhov Tseem Ceeb Tseem Ceeb: Qhia txog biodegradability ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab txog kev tsim cov txheej txheem lom neeg.
Txuj Ci Txuj Ci: A BOD₅ / COD piv> 0.3 rau cov dej khib nyiab hauv nroog qhia tau hais tias biodegradability zoo thiab tsim nyog rau kev kho mob lom.
3. SS (Suspended Solids): Hais txog insoluble suspended solids nyob rau hauv dej, nrog rau cov silt, colloids, sludge khib nyiab, thiab organic suspended solids.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: cuam tshuam cov dej ntshiab, nqa cov pa phem ntau thiab cov kab mob;
Txheej Txheem Kev Sib Tham: Grating, grit chamber, theem nrab sedimentation tank, thiab sib sib zog nqus pom rau kauj ruam -los ntawm - kauj ruam tshem tawm;
Tswv yim tsom xam: Cov khoom raug tshem tawm ntau dhau (SS) hauv cov dej ntws tawm feem ntau yog vim muaj cov dej ntws tawm hauv cov dej hauv cov dej hauv nruab nrab, pom qhov system tsis ua haujlwm, lossis tsis zoo flocculation.
4. NH₃-N (Ammonia Nitrogen) Hais txog nitrogen hauv dej uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov dawb ammonia thiab ammonium ntsev, ib tug core pollutant nyob rau hauv eutrophication.
Kev tshem tawm txoj cai: Aerobic nitrification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv; autotrophic nitrifying kab mob hloov ammonia nitrogen rau hauv nitrate;
Ua kom pom tseeb: Tsis tshua muaj kub, tsis txaus cov pa oxygen, lub hnub nyoog luv luv, thiab cov alkalinity tsis txaus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ammonia nitrogen ntau dhau.
5. TN (Tag nrho Nitrogen) Hais txog qhov sib npaug ntawm txhua hom nitrogen hauv dej (ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen), thiab yog qhov taw qhia nyuaj tshaj plaws rau cov nroj tsuag kho dej khib nyiab kom tau raws li cov qauv.
- Tshem tawm Core: Nitrification + Denitrification Coupled Reaction
1. Aerobic Theem: Ammonia nitrogen hloov mus rau nitrate nitrogen (nitrification);
2. Anoxic Theem: Nitrate nitrogen hloov mus rau nitrogen gas thiab tso tawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug carbon qhov chaw (denitrification);
- Kev tsom xam: Ntau tshaj tag nrho cov nitrogen feem ntau yog vim muaj cov pa roj carbon tsis txaus nyob rau hauv theem anoxic, cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig anoxic, lossis tsis tsim nyog reflux piv.
6. TP (Tag nrho Phosphorus) Hais txog qhov sib npaug ntawm txhua hom phosphorus hauv dej, thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm algal blooms thiab eutrophication.
- Txoj Kev Tshem Tawm: Kev tshem tawm phosphorus lom + tshuaj phosphorus tshem tawm
1. Kev tshem tawm cov phosphorus lom: anaerobic phosphorus tso tawm los ntawm polyphosphate- txuam cov kab mob, thiab cov phosphorus ntau dhau los ntawm cov kab mob aerobic, uas tawm los ntawm cov sludge ntau dhau;
2. Kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj Phosphorus: Ntxiv PAC, hlau ntsev, thiab lwm yam tshuaj rau flocculation thiab sedimentation phosphorus tshem tawm;
- Kev tsom xam: Ntau tshaj tag nrho cov phosphorus nyob rau hauv effluent feem ntau yog vim anaerobic ib puag ncig tsis ua hauj lwm, ntev sludge hnub nyoog, los yog tsis txaus tus neeg sawv cev ntau npaum.
III. Plaub -Tier Wastewater Treatment System (Core Framework ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem)
Kev kho dej khib nyiab tiav hauv nroog muaj plaub theem: pretreatment, kev kho thawj zaug, kev kho mob thib ob, thiab kev kho tertiary advanced. Ntau hom kuab paug raug tshem tawm ntawm txhua qib, thiab qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov qib no tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab.
1. Pretreatment (Thawj Barrier for Influent)
Core Structures: Influent zoo, ntxhib thiab zoo cov ntxaij vab tshaus, vortex grit chamber, sib npaug tank
Core Function: Tshem tawm cov khib nyiab loj, cov ceg ntoo, hnab yas, xuab zeb, thiab lwm yam khoom tsis huv; balances dej ntim thiab zoo; tshem tawm cov kev cuam tshuam siab kawg; tiv thaiv cov twj tso dej hauv qab, cov kav dej, thiab cov khoom siv roj ntsha.
Kev Ua Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb: Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas raws sijhawm, tshem tawm cov grit lub sijhawm ntawm lub chamber grit, thiab kev tswj theem ruaj khov hauv lub tank sib npaug.
2. Kev kho mob tseem ceeb (kev kho lub cev)
Core Structure: Primary sedimentation tank
Core Function: Tshem tawm cov khib nyiab loj, colloids, thiab qee cov organic paug tawm ntawm cov dej los ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus sedimentation.
Kev Kho Mob: Tshem tawm kwv yees li 30% ntawm COD thiab tshaj 50% ntawm SS, txo cov load ntawm cov kab mob lom tom ntej.
3. Secondary Treatment (Core Biological Treatment) Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog, feem ntau yog siv cov txheej txheem lom neeg kom tshem tawm cov organic feem ntau, ammonia nitrogen, tag nrho nitrogen, thiab tag nrho phosphorus.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Siv lub zej zog microbial nyob rau hauv activated sludge los adsorb, decompose, thiab hloov cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab;
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb: A² / O, oxidation ditch, SBR, MBR, hloov A² / O;
Kev Kho Mob: Tshem tawm ntau dua 90% ntawm cov organic teeb meem thiab ammonia nitrogen, qhov tseem ceeb ua tiav qhov txo qis ntawm cov pa phem loj.
4. Kev Kho Mob Thib Ob (Thiab Txhim Kho thiab Ua Raws Cai)
Core Structures: High -efficiency sedimentation tank, lim, activated carbon lim, tshuaj tua kab mob tank
Core Function: Tshem tawm cov khoom seem uas raug tshem tawm, colloids, phosphorus residual, thiab me me ntawm cov organic teeb meem los ntawm cov effluent thib ob;
Kev tua kab mob kawg: Kev tua kab mob siv sodium hypochlorite, ultraviolet lub teeb, thiab ozone tua cov kab mob E. coli thiab cov kab mob, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov dej ntws tawm.
IV. Plaub qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Biochemical System (Tshaj Tawm rau Txheej Txheem Debugging)
Txhua qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem lom neeg yog ua raws li plaub qhov kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb: anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic, thiab nitrification / denitrification. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas cov kws tshaj lij yuav tsum nkag siab zoo.
1. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv anaerobic (Tsis muaj cov pa oxygen, tsis muaj nitrate nitrogen)
Ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob: DO=0, nruj me ntsis anaerobic ib puag ncig;
Core Function: Phosphorus tso tawm los ntawm polyphosphate- khaws cov kab mob, hydrolysis thiab acidification, decomposition ntawm loj organic molecules, tseg lub zog rau tom ntej aerobic phosphorus uptake;
Tus nqi tseem ceeb: Ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov phosphorus tshem tawm thiab txhim kho cov dej khib nyiab biodegradability.
2. Anoxic Reaction (Tsis muaj cov pa oxygen, Nitrate Nitrogen tam sim no)
Cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig: TSIS tsawg dua lossis sib npaug ntawm 0.5mg / L, nitrate nitrogen tam sim no;
Core Function: Denitrification, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib qho chaw sab nraud lossis sab hauv, nitrate nitrogen hloov mus rau hauv cov pa roj nitrogen, tshem tag nrho cov nitrogen;
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Kev siv aeration ntau dhau yog txwv nruj; xyuas kom muaj cov pa roj carbon txaus; tswj qhov sib xyaw cawv reflux piv.
3. Aerobic Reaction (S txaus Dissolved Oxygen)
Ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob: DO=2~ 4 mg/L;
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb: Peb qhov kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb tshwm sim ib txhij: organic teeb meem degradation, nitrification rau ammonia nitrogen tshem tawm, thiab phosphorus uptake los ntawm polyphosphate{0}} txuam cov kab mob;
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ua haujlwm thiab kev saib xyuas: Cov pa oxygen ntau dhau ua rau lub zog pov tseg thiab sludge aging; Cov pa oxygen tsis txaus ua rau tsis tiav degradation thiab ntau dhau ammonia nitrogen.
4. Nitrification thiab Denitrification (Core Logic ntawm Nitrogen Tshem Tawm)
1. Nitrification: Nyob rau hauv aerobic tej yam kev mob, nitrifying kab mob thiab nitrifying kab mob successively hloov ammonia nitrogen rau nitrite thiab nitrate. Yuav tsum muaj cov pa oxygen txaus, alkalinity, thiab lub hnub nyoog sludge ntev.
2. Denitrification: Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej anoxic, cov kab mob denitrifying siv cov pa roj carbon monoxide los txo cov nitrate nitrogen rau cov roj nitrogen. Kev nruj anoxic tej yam kev mob thiab yuav tsum muaj cov pa roj carbon zoo.
V. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem Mainstream (feem ntau siv tau rau cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog)
Tsis muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws lossis qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem dej khib nyiab hauv nroog loj; qhov sib txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lawv qhov tsim nyog rau cov xwm txheej sib txawv. Kev ua haujlwm thiab kev saib xyuas logic tseem nyob ib puag ncig:
A²/O Txheej Txheem: Anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic series cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, muab kev sib npaug ntawm nitrogen thiab phosphorus tshem tawm, ua haujlwm ruaj khov, thiab yog cov txheej txheem ntau tshaj plaws rau cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog.
Cov txheej txheem Oxidation Ditch: Muaj zog tiv thaiv kev poob siab, kev ua haujlwm zoo sludge, thiab kev ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab kev saib xyuas, tsim rau me me thiab nruab nrab -cov dej khib nyiab loj.
SBR txheej txheem: Sequencing batch reactor, tag nrho cov tshuaj biochemical ua tiav nyob rau hauv ib lub tank, tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug thib ob sedimentation tank, yuav tsum tau tsawg dua av, thiab haum rau scenarios nrog loj fluctuations ntawm dej ntim.
MBR Txheej Txheem: Kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom membrane hloov lub tank thib ob, ua kom muaj siab heev - cov kua dej zoo uas tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha raws li cov dej rov qab, tsim nyog rau siab - tus qauv tso tawm thiab rov siv dua.
VI. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Kho Sludge thiab pov tseg (Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm raws cai thiab kev saib xyuas)
Kev kho cov dej khib nyiab uas tsis muaj sludge kho yog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Sludge yog ib qho khoom siv los ntawm kev kho cov dej khib nyiab, thiab nws cov pov tseg kom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm raws li cov dej khib nyiab.
1. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Sludge: Sludge yog ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom thiab ib nrab- cov khoom raug tshem tawm thaum lub sij hawm kho dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev cuam tshuam, sedimentation, thiab biochemical tshuaj. Nws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov organic teeb meem, microorganisms, nitrogen thiab phosphorus, thiab me me ntawm cov pa phem.
2. Core Key Indicator: Sludge Moisture Content
Qhov no yog hais txog qhov feem pua ntawm cov dej hauv tag nrho cov sludge loj thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb tswj qhov taw qhia rau kev pov tseg sludge.
Cov ntsiab lus sludge noo noo: 97% ~ 99%;
Sludge noo noo cov ntsiab lus tom qab txhua yam dewatering: Kwv yees li 80% (qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws tus qauv pov tseg).
3. Ua kom tiav Sludge pov tseg txheej txheem: Sludge thickening → Mechanical dewatering → Stabilization pov tseg (composting, incineration, tsev siv cov khoom, raws li txoj cai landfill). Indiscriminate dumping thiab ncaj qha tso tawm yog nruj me ntsis txwv tsis pub.
4. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Cov Sludge ntau: Cov kab mob lom neeg tsis tu ncua tshem tawm cov sludge ntau dhau, tshem tawm cov phosphorus ntau dhau thiab cov kab mob aging ntawm lub cev. Qhov no tswj cov hnub nyoog sib npaug thiab ruaj khov microbial kev ua haujlwm, thiab yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv sludge bulking, sludge aging, thiab effluent tshaj cov qauv.
VII. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Kho Dej Nroj Tsuag Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Saib Xyuas (Cov Lus Qhia Qhia Txog Cov Lus Qhia)
Dej Zoo Thawj Txoj Cai: Txhua yam khoom siv pib- nce, kaw, kev hloov pauv, thiab kev siv tshuaj lom neeg yog ua raws li kev ua tiav cov txheej txheem effluent thiab cov txheej txheem ruaj khov.
Environmental Zoning Control: nruj me ntsis sib txawv ntawm anaerobic, anoxic, thiab aerobic ib puag ncig, thiab tiv thaiv kev sib xyaw- txheej sedimentation thiab yaj oxygen cuam tshuam, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm nitrogen thiab phosphorus.
Dynamic Load Balancing: Thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab dej zoo hloov pauv, kev hloov kho raws sij hawm rau aeration tus nqi, rov qab piv, cov pa roj carbon ntau npaum li cas, thiab sludge paug tawm los tiv thaiv kev poob siab.
Sludge-Dej- Cua-Chemical Synergy: Plaub lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm sludge mob, yaj oxygen, lub sij hawm tuav hydraulic, thiab tshuaj siv tshuaj muaj zog tswj tau; tsis muaj leej twg yuav raug tshem tawm.
Ua raws li Kaw -Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm: Kev tswj xyuas cov dej khib nyiab, sludge, tsw, thiab suab nrov, ua raws li cov qauv hauv nroog kev kho dej khib nyiab.
Xaus
Kev kho dej khib nyiab hauv nroog yuav zoo li rov ua haujlwm nrog cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm thiab kev tswj xyuas, tab sis nws qhov kev sib tw tseem ceeb ib txwm nyob hauv lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev xav. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ua tsis tiav, cov dej ntws tawm dhau cov qauv, thiab kev ua haujlwm chaos yog qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm kev tsis nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm kho dej khib nyiab. Nws ua rau lawv ceev ceev cov txheej txheem logic, raug teeb meem kev ua haujlwm thiab kev saib xyuas cov teeb meem, thiab ua ntej ntawm "kev ua haujlwm txawj ntse" mus rau "kev tswj hwm kev tshaj lij."