Taw qhia: hnub no, cia peb kawm txog cov protagonist ntawm kev kho mob ntawm kev muaj roj ntsha - ua kom zoo rau sludge (cov cab kuj ntawm ntau yam kab mob). Nws plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kho xyoob ntoo xws li Cod Cov neeg uas tau mus xyuas cov nroj tsuag kom tsis muaj dej haus tuaj yeem hnov tus ntxhiab tsw av av; Ntawd yog qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge!
01 lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge
Ua kom sludge tau pom thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1912 los ntawm Clark thiab Gage nyob rau hauv UK, qia los ntawm kev sim me me. Hauv kev sim, lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov dej khib nyiab tsim sludge, thiab cov dej ua tau zoo dua. Arden thiab LockGTT tom qab kawm tau cov tshwm sim no.
Kev sim ntsuas aneration tau ua hauv fwj. Thaum kawg ntawm txhua hnub kev sim, cov fwj tau khoob, thiab cov txheej txheem pib dua lwm hnub. Lawv tau pom tias vim tias lub hwj tsis huv, kev kho mob tau zoo dua thaum sludge adhered rau lub raj mis. Paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm sludge sab laug ntawm lub raj mis ntsa, lawv tau npe nws qhib sludge.
Tom qab, ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm txhua hnub kev sim, lawv tau tso cai rau cov txheej txheej ua kom huv ntawm cov txheej txheem kom huv thiab tawm hauv qab ntawm qhov hauv qab rau siv hnub tom qab. Qhov no ua kom luv luv lub sijhawm pov tseg.
Hauv xyoo 1916, thawj zaug qhib sludge nkim zog cog tau tsim tau siv cov txheej txheem sim no.
02 cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke thiab cov khoom siv lub cev ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge
Ua kom qis dua yog cov tshuaj flocculent tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kab mob microbial xws li cov kab mob, protozoa, thiab metazoa nrog tshem tawm thiab colloidal tshuaj nyob rau hauv dej lwg. Nws muaj lub peev xwm muaj zog rau ADSORB thiab decompose cov teeb meem thiab cov khoom sib luag zoo, thiab nws muaj cov haujlwm biochemical.
Flocs thiab cov kab mob filamim yog cov khoom sib haum tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge.
Flecs tsim los ntawm cov kab sib sau ua ke ntawm cov kab mob nrog cov hnoos qeev lossis tshuaj ntsiav. Lawv Adsorb impurities thiab dawb cov microorganisms hauv cov khoom siv pov tseg, muab cov kab mob sludganism hauv cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev noj lossis lom.
Filamentous kab mob ua cov pob txha pob txha ua haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm sludge. Lawv loj hlob thiab elongate nyob rau hauv cov kev txuas nrog flocs, ua rau cov flocs los tsim cov lus loj dua thaum tswj cov xoob ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Hauv qhov tsos, ua haujlwm sludge feem ntau daj lossis brownish - daj. Nws hloov dub thaum cov khoom siv oxygen tsis txaus lossis anaerobic, thiab greyish}}} {{agygen thaum cov pa roj oxyov yog tsis txaus. Ua kom sludge muaj cov ntsiab lus dej siab, feem ntau saum toj 99%, thiab nws qhov ntom ntom yog zoo li dej, feem ntau 1.002-1.003 kg / l.
03 microbial muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge
Hauv kev ua haujlwm sludge microorganisms, proteza pub rau ntawm cov kab mob, thaum metazoa pub rau ob qho tib si ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab cov khoom noj muaj roj ntsha. Cov kab mob sludge feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm flocs, nrog tsawg dua nyob rau hauv lub xeev pub dawb. Qhov no muab cov kab mob muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov nyom lwm yam. Cov kab mob pub dawb tsis tau yooj yim, tab sis tuaj yeem raug cov tsiaj ntawv thaum los ntawm protozoa, yog li ua effluent los ntawm sedimentation tank ci.
1. Tus kab mob
Cov kab mob yog tib -} celled muaj sia. Lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, ntau, thiab me me nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm sludge, muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm adsorb thiab decomit organic teeb meem, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kho dej kom huv.
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov qib ntawm antudge furcation, cov kab mob muaj kev ywj pheej ntau hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Raws li Sludge MLICL, lawv maj mam sib sau ua pab pawg loj.
(1) Flocs: cov no yog me me, pom tau cov kab mob muaj los ntawm cov kab mob thiab lawv cov tshuaj tsw qab. Feem ntau cov kab mob hauv kev ua kom qis qis yog encased nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj gelatinous, uas twb muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm flocs. Flocs yog cov qauv kev teeb tsa thiab chaw ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge, muaj cov khoom xws li adsorption, oxidulat decomposition, thiab coagulated decomposition, thiab Coagulated decimation, thiab sib xyav los ntawm kev ua kom zoo nkauj
(2) Cov kab mob fulamentous: Cov no yog hom kab mob uas nws cov hlwb, nrog lossis tsis muaj koob, sib txuas ua ke los ua cov filaments. Cov kab mob fakamentous feem ntau txuas rau thiab intertwine nrog cov kab mob floaps, sib sau lub cev pob txha ntawm lub cev sludge. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lawv proliferate nyob rau hauv coob, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau flocculation thiab kev tawm tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge, thiab muaj cov mob hnyav, ua rau sludge bulking.
(3) Nitrify bacteria nitrify cov kab mob yog ib hom kab mob autotrophic uas tuaj yeem txwv ammonia thiab nitrite. Lawv suav nrog ob lub cev muaj sia: * nitrify bacteria * thiab * nitrify bacteria *, uas yog rau ib tsev neeg ywj siab- nitrify bacteria tsev neeg. Nitrifify cov kab mob tau txais lub zog los ua kom tau raws li lawv cov kev xav tau metabolic los ntawm oxidizing inorganic compound, siv co2 raws li lawv cov khoom siv. Lawv yog cov kab mob chemoautrophicophicorophicophic. Nitrminify cov kab mob Nitrication Nitrification, uas yog hais txog cov txheej txheem uas nitrifying tus kab mob, thiab ntxiv oxidize nws yuav tsum muaj kev loj hlob. Thawj theem, cov oxidation ntawm NH3 rau NO2-, yog hu ua nitrification lossis ammonia oxidation, thiab ua tiav los ntawm nitrify bacteria; Qhov theem ob, cov oxidation ntawm no2- rau no3-, yog hu ua nitrification, thiab ua tiav los ntawm nitrify bacteria. Yog li ntawd, cov kev sib tham ib puag ncig yog muaj ob theem: nitration los ntawm nitrite-oxidizing los ntawm nitrify cov kab mob.
(4) Denitrify Bacteria: Denitrify Bacteria yog chemoheterotrophic tus kab mob. Nyob rau hauv cov pa -} Kev mob nitrates rau nitrites mus rau nitrogen roj rau nitrogen roj, yog li tau txais lub zog. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb dua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm nitrify bacteria (xwm yog nthuav nyob rau hauv txoj kev no; ob hom ntawm cov kab mob ua tiav cov nitrogen voj voog). Denitrify cov kab mob tau muab faib rau hauv av thiab dej loj hauv cov dej hauv toj roob hauv pes dej, kev tswj hwm hauv nroog loj, thiab cov aquaculture kev kho.
(5) Hydrolytic cov kab mob acidify: cov no yog cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem siv cov khoom loj, cov khoom siv cov organic rau lub neej hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv lub neej. Hydrolysis yog cov txheej txheem los ntawm cov txheej txheem twg, insoluble polymers tau hloov mus ua yooj yim soluble monomers lossis dimers. Vim tias lawv cov neeg txheeb ze loj molecular hnyav, siab} molecular {} Qhov hnyav {}} qhov hnyav {4 4}} txoj kev siv hluav taws xob thiab yog li tsis tuaj yeem siv tau los ntawm cov kab mob. Lawv tau hloov pauv ua me me los ntawm hydrolytic kev ua ntawm cov kab mob sib cais ntxiv. Qhov kev coj cwj pwm tshaj plaws ntawm cov theem no yog tias kev siv roj ntsha muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov khoom lag luam. Cov kab mob ua tiav cov kab mob biocatalytic oxidation los ntawm kev tso cov enzymular dawb lossis immobilized enzymes txuas rau phab ntsa cell.
Thiab yog li ntawd ... Muaj ntau ntau hom kab mob, yog li kuv yuav nres ntawm no rau tam sim no. Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm cov kab mob ib hom tuaj yeem muab rau tom qab.
2. Protozoa
Protozoa yog me me, yooj yim, qis {- qib ib {{1} {1 {1 1} {1 1} {cov tsiaj hauv cov tsiaj. Coob tus ntawm protozoa muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm sludge los ntawm kev kho dej khib nyiab. Lawv koom nrog kev lim dej kom tsis tu ncua los ntawm kev noj cov organic. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, vim tias protozoa nkag siab txog cov kev mob ib puag ncig, lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntau dua kev hloov pauv nrog kev hloov ib puag ncig; Yog li ntawd, lawv feem ntau siv raws li qhov taw qhia muaj sia. Cov qauv piv txwv suav nrog Vorticella, amoebas, flagellates, thiab ua luam dej ciliates. Cov kab mob microrganism no rau ntau tshaj 80% ntawm tag nrho. Yog tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov tib neeg ntau dua li 1000 / ml, nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab ua haujlwm sludge nrog siab purification efficiency.
3. Micrometazoa
Lub micrometazoa tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom qis dua yog cov rotifers thiab nematodes. Feem ntau, tus naj npawb ntawm cov metagpic hauv kev ua haujlwm sludge yog tus me me. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qhov qis {{2} LOAD} POV THAWJ SLUDGE, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev mus txuas ntxiv ntawm kev ncua, Rotifers thiab oligochautes tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov hom neeg tseem ceeb.
04 Kev Ntsuas Kev Ua Tau Zoo Ntawm 04 Kev Ntsuas Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Kev taw qhia kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge muaj xws li: sib xyaw cawv), sludge verting piv (SVI), thiab sludge qhov ntsuas (SDI).
Sib xyaw cawv cov khib nyiab tshem tawm (MLSS) sawv cev rau tag nrho cov hnyav ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge stators muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub cawv ntim ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv lub tank, piv txwv li:
Mlss=ma + kuv + mi + mii
Ma - cov metabolically nquag microbial zej zog;
Kuv - seem ntawm endogenous metabolism thiab tus kheej -}} xidation ntawm microorganisms (feem ntau cov kab mob);
Mi - inert cov teeb meem uas yog qhov nyuaj rau cov kab mob kom ua rau tsis muaj dej nyoos;
MII - Cov teeb meem tsis sib haum nqa hauv los ntawm cov dej khib nyiab.
Chav tsev yog mg / l lossis kg / m³.
Sib xyaw cawv uas tsis muaj cov khib nyiab (MLVss) sawv cev rau cov khoom siv organic hauv kev ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov cawv cawv, piv txwv li:
MLVss=ma m + kuv + mi
Tus piv ntawm MLVss rau MLSS yog qhia ua f. Nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj xwm txheej, tus nqi f tus nqi yog qhov tseeb, nyob ib ncig ntawm 0.75 rau cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev.
Ob MLVss thiab MLSS tuaj yeem siv los siv los cuam tshuam cov kev xav ntawm sludge hauv kev tso tsheb hlau luam. Cov ntaub ntawv txhua hnub cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem qhia kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua haujlwm sludge. Txawm li cas los xij, MLVss tsis suav nrog inorganic teeb meem, ua nws tus nqi los ze zog rau cov naj npawb ntawm cov kab mob me me.
Sludge intrering velocity (sv), tseem hu ua tus lej 30 feeb, yog qhov feem pua ntawm cov cawv sludge tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib qho kev kawm tau sib xyaw ua ke rau 30 feeb, qhia raws li feem pua (%).
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov qib ntawm antudge furnation, lub nrawm yuav siv tau los pib saib sludge kev loj hlob. Feem ntau, li qub, ruaj khov ua hauj lwm sludge sv yog ntawm 20-35%. Ib qho qis sv qhia tsis tau txaus siab heev, thaum lub siab dua SV qhia tau ntau dhau kev loj hlob sai sai
Cov Sludge ntim index (Svi), tseem hu ua Seem IndiTion: nyob rau hauv ML) ib as sluled sludge tom qab 30 feeb ntawm kev sib xyaw hauv cov cawv cawv ntawm lub pas dej lub chaw tso dej. Cov mis rau xam cov sludge ntim ntsuas yog:
Svi=sv / mlss
SVI yog siv los ntsuas qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm sludge, thiab nws li qub yog feem ntau yog ntawm 70 thiab 150 ml / g. Tus nqi svi tsawg qhia tau tias qis qis qis thiab cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov teeb meem inorganic; Ib tug siab Svi tus nqi qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm sludge bulking thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
Lub Sludge Wensity Performance index (SDI), feem ntau hu ua ntom ntom, yog rov qab ntawm svi.