Thawj thawj zaug, PFOA thiab PFOS tau suav nrog hauv cov qauv dej paug paug rau cov roj av refining thiab hluavtaws resin industries.
Tsis ntev los no, Ministry of Ecology thiab Ib puag ncig tau tshaj tawm "Daim Ntawv Ceeb Toom Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Tebchaws Hauv Tebchaws, suav nrog cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm ob lub tebchaws muaj kuab paug paug pov tseg.
01 Keeb kwm
Hauv kev tsim cov fluoropolymers, kev siv cov emulsifiers thiab lwm yam khoom siv raw uas muaj perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) ua rau cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov kuab paug tsis tu ncua xws li PFOA thiab perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). PFOA thiab PFOS yog qhov nyuaj rau degrade, tuaj yeem tsiv mus nyob ntev, thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau bioaccumulation. Thaum tso tawm mus rau hauv dej ib puag ncig, lawv khaws cia hauv dej thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus, ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau ecosystems.
Ob yam khoom no tuaj yeem noj tau los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev, suav nrog kev nqus pa, kev zom zaub mov, kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij, thiab bioaccumululation hauv cov zaub mov, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ntau tus tib neeg lub cev; lawv muaj toxicological cuam tshuam rau lub siab, lub cev tsis muaj zog, thiab kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob.
Xyoo 2023, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Thoob Ntiaj Teb rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Kho Mob (IARC) tau faib PFOA ua pawg 1 carcinogen thiab PFOS raws li Pawg 2B carcinogen. Xyoo 2017, kuv lub teb chaws suav nrog PFOS hauv "Daim Ntawv Teev Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Yam Tseem Ceeb (Thawj Pab Pawg)"; Xyoo 2020, PFOA tau suav nrog hauv "Cov Ntawv Teev Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Yam Tseem Ceeb (Batch Thib Ob)".
Hauv xyoo 2023, PFOA thiab PFOS tau suav nrog hauv "Cov Ntawv Teev Cov Ntsiab Cai Tswj Xyuas Cov Cai Tshiab (2023 Edition)". PFOA raug zam los ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev ua, thiab siv rau hauv cov cheeb tsam hauv qab no: kev tsim cov polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thiab polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) rau kev tsim cov qib siab -kev ua haujlwm corrosion- cov roj lim dej, cov dej lim dej, thiab cov ntaub ntawv kho mob; cov khoom siv khib nyiab kub exchanger; thiab muaj cov sealants uas tiv thaiv cov to ntawm cov organic tebchaw thiab PM2.5 hais; thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm perfluoropropylene (FEP) rau kev tsim cov high -voltage fais fab kis cables.
Raws li kev tshawb fawb, feem ntau fluoropolymer manufacturers tsis siv raw cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj PFOA. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj cov khoom seem hauv cov khoom siv xws li cov reactors thiab cov kav dej, qhov siab ntawm PFOA tseem tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv cov dej khib nyiab.
Yuav kom ua tau raws li lub teb chaws cov cai rau kev tswj hwm thiab tswj PFOA thiab PFOS cov pa phem hauv lub cev dej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ntxiv dag zog rau kev tswj cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tuam txhab fluoropolymer thiab ua kom cov emission tswj cov cai rau PFOA thiab PFOS.
Kev ua kom muaj kev txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm rau cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev lag luam roj av refining yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntxiv dag zog rau kev saib xyuas thiab kev tswj xyuas cov pa phem tsis tu ncua, tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, thiab tiv thaiv pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv.
02 PFOA thiab PFOS Emissions los ntawm Synthetic Resin Industry Wastewater
Pab neeg tsim qauv ua ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tuam txhab fluoropolymer. Feem ntau cov tuam txhab tsim cov polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), thiab perfluoroethylene propylene (FEP) tau hloov PFOA-cov ntaub ntawv raw. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov seem PFOA nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej tsim khoom thiab nws qhov xwm txheej tsis tu ncua, nws tsis tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm tag nrho hauv lub sijhawm luv. PFOA tau kuaj pom hauv cov dej khib nyiab tawm los ntawm cov tuam txhab no.
Ua ntej ntxuav cov khoom siv, PFOA emission concentration yog kwv yees li 500 ug / L (500,000 ng / L). Tom qab ntxuav, qhov emission concentration yog kwv yees li 10-50 ug / L (10,000-50,000 ng / L). Tom qab pretreatment ntawm cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev txhim kho cov khoom siv adsorption ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob cov dej khib nyiab, PFOA emission concentration mus txog 1-4 ug / L (1000-4000 ng / L), thiab PFOS yog undetectable.
03 PFOA thiab PFOS Emissions nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm Petroleum Refining Industry
Pab neeg muab tso ua ke tau sau cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam ntawm PFOA thiab PFOS hauv cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm qee cov tuam txhab roj av refining.
Raws li kev soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig, PFOA thiab PFOS tsis tuaj yeem kuaj pom hauv kev lag luam dej khib nyiab.
Kev kho cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb rau PFOA thiab PFOS hauv cov dej khib nyiab suav nrog adsorption thiab membrane sib cais.
Adsorption muaj qhov zoo ntawm tus nqi qis thiab kev siv zog, kev ua haujlwm siab, thiab kev ua haujlwm yooj yim. Qhov tsis zoo yog tias cov khoom siv adsorption yuav tsum tau kho raws li cov pov tseg pov tseg, ua rau cov nqi kho mob siab. Feem ntau siv adsorbents yog ion pauv resins, activated colloids, thiab activated carbon, nrog adsorption efficiency mus txog 80%. Membrane kev sib cais feem ntau suav nrog nanofiltration thiab thim rov qab osmosis. Cov txheej txheem no muab cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim, cov txiaj ntsig kho tau zoo, thiab kev siv tshuab yooj yim, nrog rau kev kho mob kom txog 100%. Txawm li cas los xij, membrane modules muaj lub neej luv luv, tus nqi siab, thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau fouling.
04. Cov qauv hauv tsev thiab thoob ntiaj teb hais txog PFOA thiab PFOS
kuv lub tebchaws, Tebchaws Meskas, European Union, Nyiv, Australia, thiab lwm lub tebchaws thiab cov koomhaum tau tshaj tawm cov qauv dej zoo uas cuam tshuam nrog PFOA thiab PFOS.
Hais txog cov qauv kev tso dej pov tseg, EU tau hloov kho Cov Lus Cog Tseg Hauv Lub Nroog ntawm 2024 xav kom cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab los saib xyuas cov tshuaj PFAS hauv lawv cov dej pov tseg. Lub tebchaws United States tam sim no tab tom tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim PFAS emission txwv rau cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg, kev kho hlau saum npoo av, thiab kev pov tseg.
Hauv kuv lub tebchaws, tsuas yog Sichuan Xeev tau tshaj tawm "Sichuan Provincial Chemical Industrial Park Water Pollutant Discharge Standard" (DB513202-2024) hauv xyoo 2024, uas tau teeb tsa PFOA thiab PFOS raws li kev xaiv tswj cov khoom uas muaj kev txwv tsis pub tsawg.
05. PFOA thiab PFOS Emission Control Requirements for Wastewater from Synthetic Resin Industry
Raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qee lub tuam txhab fluoropolymer ua los ntawm pab neeg tsim qauv, rau cov lag luam uas tau siv PFOA rau kwv yees li 15 xyoo, thiab tau siv PFOA hloov ntsuas thiab ntxuav cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov kav dej, PFOA emission concentration yog kwv yees li 10-50 ug / L (10,000-50,000). Rau cov lag luam uas tau siv PFOA tsawg dua 10 xyoo, lossis cov uas tau hloov PFOA rau ntau tshaj 10 xyoo, cov dej khib nyiab emission concentration yuav qis dua cov theem saum toj no.
Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab tsim cov dej khib nyiab adsorption pretreatment chaw ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob pov tseg, qhov tam sim no PFOA emission concentration tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1-4 ug/L (1000-4000 ng/L). Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov kev kho mob thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev thiab cov kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam qhia tau hais tias yog rov qab osmosis, membrane filtration, thiab lwm txoj kev siv rau kev kho mob, PFOA emission concentration tuaj yeem tswj tau qis dua 1000 ng / L.
Nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm cov dej khib nyiab tam sim no ntawm cov lag luam, qhov kev hloov kho no txiav txim siab PFOA emission txwv rau cov dej khib nyiab uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau theem.
Thawj -theem emission txwv yog 4000 ng / L, raws li kev ntxuav cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov kav dej los ntawm cov tuam txhab cuam tshuam thiab kev siv cov dej khib nyiab adsorption pretreatment ntsuas. Qhov thib ob - theem emission txwv yog 800 ng / L, raws li kev txo qis ntawm PFOA seem thiab ntxiv kev ntsuas dej pov tseg, txhawb kev tiv thaiv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab txhim kho cov dej hauv ecological ib puag ncig zoo.
Rau cov dej khib nyiab uas tau tsim tshiab, raws li qhov chaw uas lawv tsis tsim lossis siv PFOA lawm, qhov kev kho dua tshiab no nthuav tawm qhov txwv tsis pub tshaj 100 ng / L.
Raws li qhov xwm txheej tam sim no uas PFOS tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab ntawm cov chaw lag luam fluoropolymer, qhov kev kho dua tshiab no tau teeb tsa qhov kev txwv rau PFOS ntawm "tsis pom tau".
06. Emission Control Requirements rau PFOA thiab PFOS hauv cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm Petroleum Refining Industry
Pab neeg sau ntawv tau ua ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub xeev loj - muaj cov tuam txhab roj av refining thiab cov lag luam ntiag tug hauv Suav teb. Lawv cov ntaub ntawv raw thiab cov khoom tsis koom nrog PFOA thiab PFOS tshuaj; Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas tiag tiag, PFOA thiab PFOS tsis tau kuaj pom hauv cov dej khib nyiab.
Qhov kev hloov kho no tau teeb tsa cov kev txwv emissions rau ob qho tib si PFOA thiab PFOS ntawm "tsis pom tau".
07 PFOA thiab PFOS Kev Saib Xyuas Cov Cai
《Kev txiav txim siab ntawm Perfluorooctyl Sulfonic Acid thiab Perfluorooctanoic Acid thiab lawv cov ntsev hauv dej - Isotope Dilution/Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry》(HJ1333). PFOA thiab PFOS yuav tsum yog tus kheej- saib xyuas tsawg kawg txhua rau lub hlis.