Koj paub ntau npaum li cas txog ultrafiltration hauv cov dej ntshiab? (I)

1.1. Taw qhia rau kev faib tawm ntawm Membraale Cais Kev Sib Txiav

Raws li kev sib cais raug, membrane kua sib cais thev naus laus zis feem ntau tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg: microfiltration (UF), Nanofiltration (NF) thiab thim rov qab osmosis (rack). Lawv cov kev tso dej yog qhov tseeb hauv qhov kev txiav txim saum toj no.

Kev siv microfiltration tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov lus nruab nrab ntawm {{0}}}. 1 thiab 1 micron. Microfiltration Membranes tso cai macromolecules thiab solubble soluts (inorganic ntsev) kom dhau kev txwv tsis pub muaj teeb meem, tab sis yuav cuam tshuam cov kab mob thiab hnyav hnyav colloids. Cov kev khiav hauj lwm siab ntawm microfiltration membranes feem ntau 0. {{4 4}} bar.

Ultrafiltration tuaj yeem cuam tshuam manromolecules thiab cov protein ntawm {{0}}}. 002 thiab 0.1 microns. Ultrafiltration membranes pub me me lwg me me thiab solubble solutions (inorganic ntsev) kom dhau los ntawm cov colloids, cov protein, cov kab mob me thiab macromolecular teeb meem. Qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm cov khoom hnyav molecular feem ntau siv los qhia txog cov penrofiltration membranes feem ntau ntawm ultrafiltration membrane feem ntau {{}} bar.

Nanofiltration tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nanoscale (0. 001 micron. Cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm Nanofiltration membrane yog nruab nrab ntawm ultraFiltration thiab rov qab osmosis. Qhov hnyav molecular ntawm cov organic teeb meem cuam tshuam yog txog 200-800 mw, thiab muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam nrog 20% ​​{{%. Qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm tus khub monovalent ions yog qis dua li ntawm qhov muaj nuj nqis ions. Nanofiltration feem ntau yog siv los tshem tawm cov organic teeb meem thiab cov pigments hauv dej saum npoo av, thiab rho tawm cov khoom siv uas yaj tau nyob hauv cov khoom noj thiab cov khoom noj. Cov kev khiav hauj lwm siab ntawm Nanofiltration membrane feem ntau yog 3. 5-30 bar.

Rov qab Osmosis yog cov khoom siv tsis sib xws, uas muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov organic muaj teeb meem ntau dua 100, thaum tso dej lwg me me kom dhau mus. Rov Qab Osmosis Las tau siv nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv thiab dej ntshiab thiab kev kho kom huv thiab kev cais tawm thiab kev sib cais tshwj xeeb. Cov kev khiav hauj lwm siab ntawm thim rov qab osmosis much feem ntau yog feem ntau ntawm 12 bar rau brackish dej thiab 70 bar rau dej hiav txwv.

1.2. Hom thiab kev thov cov yam ntxwv ntawm ultrafiltration membranes

Ultrafiltration membranes yog feem ntau muab faib ua plaub hom raws li lawv cov qauv: phaj wee, yob yaj ntaub, thiab hollow fiber ntau.

Phaj membrane: nws yog qhov chaw ntxov tshaj plaws, tab sis vim tias nws yog qhov nyuaj ua kom muaj teeb meem ntws tsim nyog ntawm daim membrane tau txwv tsis pub tsawg. Cov kev xav tau ua ntej yuav tsum tsis nruj;

Yob membrane: tsim los ntawm phaj phaj, vim hais tias daim phiaj ntawm yob membrane thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim nyog rau kev siv dej nyoos. Lawv yog cov haum rau kev kub kub thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hnyav sib cais, thiab lwm yam.

Tubular memental: Vim tias nws txoj kev noj haus loj, nws tsis haum rau cov dej kho kom zoo ib yam ntawm kev pom. Nws yog feem ntau haum rau cov kua uas muaj cov ntsiab lus zoo lossis cov roj siab. Ntawm plaub daim ntaub nyias nyias, nws cov kev xav tau yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws.

Hollow Fiber membrane: Vim tias nws muaj qhov siab tsis tshua muaj siab, nws yog qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov roj (xws li cov roj muaj roj ntau, thiab lwm yam). Ntawm plaub daim ntaub nyias nyias, nws yog qhov feem ntau dav siv hauv kev kho dej.

NCO TSEG: Vim tias Hollow Fiber membrane yog cov ntsiab lus feem ntau, tshwj tsis yog piav qhia nrog cov ntaub ntawv follow nrog hollow fiber ntau ua piv txwv.

1.3. Daim ntawv thov tau

Ultrafiltration yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev kho cov dej. Raws li daim ntawv thov cov ntaub ntawv, nws tuaj yeem siv tau tsuas yog siv rau:

1.3.1. Cov Dej Raw Ua Ntej (Cov Dej Deg, Hauv Av, Kais Dej)

Piav qhia meej, cov xuab zeb lim hloov, ro pretreatment thiab ion sib pauv pretricatment

Siv rau hauv kev kho mob ua ntej, ultraMtration hloov chaw kom yooj yim, xws li hloov cov khoom siv tom qab, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau tu / yaug ntau dua. Daim nyias nyias yog feem ntau 100, 000 molecular cut-off.

1.3.2. Kev Kho Kom Huv

Kev tshem tawm ntawm cov lus (xws li 18Wω dej), tshem tawm ntawm cov kab mob me thiab pyrogens, ro lossis ion txauv cov kev kho mob

Ultrafiltration yog siv los tshem tawm colloids thiab cov khib nyiab hauv dej tom qab osmosis / ion pauv cov khoom siv. Nws muaj dej siab permeability thiab ib qho chaw tu tau qis. Nws tsis tas yuav tu / ntws tawm. Nws tsuas yog ntxuav thaum lub kaw lus siab poob rau qib uas ua rau muaj qhov tsis yooj yim lossis cov kab mob yog tsim tawm. Hauv cov tshuaj lag luam thiab hluav taws xob kev lag luam, ultrafiltration yog muab tso rau ntawm qhov kev siv kom tshem tawm cov kab mob me thiab pyrogens. Daim nyias nyias yog feem ntau 10, 000-100}, {2}}} molecular txiav tawm.

1.3.3.3. Dej ncig thiab rov siv dua

Tom qab kev kho mob biochemical thiab qhia meej (theem nrab thiab tertiary)

Anisotropic membrane

Lub rooj siv hluav taws xob polymer hollow fiber ntau muaj cov tawv tawv heev, nyias sab hauv membbrane thiab tus kheej-txhawb daim txhuam cev-zoo li tus qauv txheej txheem sab nraud. Lub puab mem caj ces ua ib nrab ntawm uli-permeable ultrafiltration membrane.

Nruab nrab trans-membrane siab

Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nruab nrab siab ntawm cov dej ntau lawm sab thiab cov dej nyoos tso rau hauv thiab qhov hluav taws xob,

Nruab nrab hloov-membrane siab=(p in + p out) / {}} p dej ntau lawm

Rov qab-yaug

Hloov cov dej tsis zoo ntawm cov dej sab nraud ntawm cov hollow fiber rau sab hauv. Vim tias cov dej tau dhau los ntawm cov fiber ntau los ntawm cov kev taw qhia rov qab, nws loosens thiab ntxuav cov av ntawm daim nyias nyias.

Nco tseg: Tsis muaj lub siab nyob sab hauv ntawm cov fiber ntau thaum lub sijhawm cov txheej txheem no.

Colloidal fouling

Ib qho particle nag los yog tsim rau ntawm daim nyias nyias nyob sab hauv lub hollow fiber.

Mloog zoo lossis tsis lees paub

Ib feem ntawm cov dej nyoos uas tsis tuaj yeem hla dhau daim nyias nyias, cov kab celloids xws li cov kab mob thiab cov pyrogens nrog kev xav ntau dua li cov dej nyoos.

Cov kev xav polarization

Cov tshwm sim uas ua rau cov neeg tsis kam lees yuav sib sau ua ke ntawm daim nyias nyias. Siab shear quab yuam (siab txaus tus nqi) nyob rau hauv cov fiber muaj tuaj yeem txo cov polarization.

Ntoo khaub lig

Cov dej ntshiab ntws ntws tawm hauv kev taw qhia thaum lub ntsej muag zoo li cas rau qhov chaw dej tsaws tsag zoo, uas yuav tsum yaug cov pa khib nyiab rau ntawm daim nyias nyias.

Mos siab

Lub siab sib txawv ntawm cov inlet thiab qhov hluav taws xob ntawm cov fiber ntau membrane raj. Siab sib txawv pd=p in - p o

Downward ntws

Cov kev ncig khiav kev coj ntawm ultrafiltration membrane module ntws tawm ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab ntawm module.

Kev pub mov

Cov dej nkag mus rau lub ultrafiltration system yog tom qab faib ua cov khoom dej thiab muaj kua ntau.

Flux

Tus nqi ntws ntawm cov dej hla dhau ntawm daim nyias nyias, feem ntau qhia tias yog cov dej hauv ib hnub (GFD {{}} lmh x 0.59

Tom ntej

Cov kev ncig khiav kev coj ntawm lub effluent feem ntau yog upward rau ntsug ntsia cov membrane hlab.

Gel Txheej

Ib txheej ntawm cov siab siab lossis cov tawv nqaij sediment, cov tshuaj hnyav, tsim ntawm cov khoom siv sab hauv ntawm ultrafiltration membrane hauv kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog feem ntau lub ermeability ntawm gel txheej ntau dua li lub lim dej ntawm cov kev lim dej ua kom ultrost

Molecular hnyav txiav

Ib qho cuab yeej ntawm daim nyias nyias uas piav qhia txog tus nqi nominal ntawm ib tug solute ntawm ib tug solute ntawm ib tug solute nyob rau hauv ib tug paub pub mis, uas yog, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev khaws tsis tau.

Nominal txiav tawm

Hauv ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov paub solute, tus membrane pore loj catch sib raug zoo rau cov tub ceev xwm tshaj plaws (feem ntau 90%).

Kev tso tseg

Ib feem ntawm cov dej uas dhau los ntawm cov lim membrance yog cia li pub dawb ntawm colloids, hais thiab cov kab mob me me.

Kev rov tau dua

Qhov feem pua ​​ntawm cov dej ntws hauv tag nrho cov dej nyoos.

% Rov ua ke=Cov Khoom Dej / Raw Dej × 100

Rov qab los

Tseem hu ua kom zoo. Qhov feem ntawm tus nqi uas tsis tuaj yeem hla dhau lub lim membrane, suav nrog cov khib nyiab khaws nrog lub siab ntau dua li qhov kev sib raug zoo.

Rov qab los ntshav

Cov feem ntawm kev rov ua dua uas tau tso tawm lossis rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm cov chav ultrafiltration. Qhov txheej txheem tshem tawm no tiv thaiv kev sib txuam ntawm cov khib nyiab khaws cia rau sab nqaij daim ntawv pom.

Reversal Flow

Cov kua nkag mus rau membrane raj rau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Dej nkag mus rau hauv lub raj mis tso tawm los ntawm cov yeeb nkab sab saud, thiab tom qab lub sijhawm, nws hloov mus nkag hauv qab. Qhov kev hloov pauv staggered txhim kho cov dej ntws ntws hauv daim nyias nyias.

Upward Flow

Cov kev ncig khiav kev coj ntawm ultrafiltration membrane module ntws tawm hauv qab mus rau sab saum toj ntawm tus module.

3.1 Txheej txheem cej luam

Ultrafiltration yog ib tug txheej txheem tsim los ntawm kua tangential ntws thiab siab, thiab cais cov lus nyob rau hauv dej raws li molecular hnyav. Lub pore loj ntawm ultrafiltration membrane yog kwv yees li hauv thaj tsam ntawm {{}}}}}}}} {5}}). Dissolved tshuaj thiab cov khoom me dua li cov membrane pore loj tuaj yeem hla dhau ntawm daim nyias nyias yuav tsum tau hla dhau ntawm daim nyias nyias yuav tsum tau hla daim nyias nyias yuav tsum tau hla daim nyias nyias yuav tsum tau hla dhau ntawm daim nyias nyias yuav tsum tau dhau los ntawm daim nyias nyias yuav tsum tau dhau los ntawm daim nyias nyias yuav tsum tau hla dhau ntawm daim nyias nyias Yog li ntawd, cov dej ntws (permeated) yuav muaj dej, ions thiab me me, cov kab mob, kab mob thiab protozoa yuav raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm daim nyias nyias.

Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration membrane yog ib qho yooj yim polymer los ntawm polysulfone ps, pvdf lossis polyacrylonitrile (lauj kaub) nrog cov qauv asymmetric. Lub asymmetric ultrafiltration membrane muaj ib qho kev ua kom zoo nkauj heev ntawm}}}}}. 1}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}. 1 Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm no me me pore tus membrane du me me thiab muaj cov khoom siv roj loj dua ntawm cov lim me me me me thiab tsis yooj yim rau clog.

3.2 Cov ntsiab cai yooj yim

Ultrafiltration yog ib tug ntoo khaub lig-ntws thiab tangential ntws cov txheej txheem, qhov twg cov kua kom tau lim raws lub ntsej muag. Qhov no tsim kua dej shear ntawm sab hauv phab ntsa ntawm lub hollow fiber, ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov kuab paug los tsim cov kuab paug rau ntawm daim nyias nyias.

Cov dej yuav tsum tau lim yog nias los ntawm ultraFiltration cov taub dej thiab cov lus tawm mus rau hauv membrane Assembly. Vim tias qhov sib txawv ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm daim nyias nyias, ib feem ntawm cov dej permeates daim nyias nyias, thaum lub impurities nyob rau hauv cov dej yog khaws cia hauv dej ntxiv thiab lim tawm.

Yog tias cov impurities yuav muab cais tawm ntau dhau ntawm daim nyias nyias, nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj membume, nws yuav ua rau kev tso nyiaj ntawm insoluble ntsev lossis tsim ntawm ib nrab npog txheej. Yog li yuav zam dhau qhov no, ib feem ntawm cov dej yuav ntws tawm raws li lub siab xav. Nyob ntawm seb hom kev mem tes thiab daim ntawv thov, cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau nqa tawm tsis tu ncua lossis thaum Reflux.

3.3 Cov yam ntxwv ntawm ultraFiltration

Ultrafiltration muaj ntau yam zoo dua cov qauv siv huv si:

• Tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov kab mob me me thiab cov khoom tawg

Kev tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv dej

Cheebtsam PM10 PM100

Collicoidal silica 99.8% 99. {0%

Colloidal hlau 99.8% 99. {0%

Colloidal aluminium 99.8% 99. {0%

Tshem tawm cov khib nyiab 5 lrv 4 lrv

Turbidity <{{{0}}}}. 3 NTU (feem ntau tsawg dua 0.1 NTU)

SDI <1. {0 sdi

Giardia 6 lrv 5 lrv

Protozoa 6 lrv 5 lrv

Fungi 6 lrv 5 lrv

Tus Kab Mob 5 Lrv 4 Lrv

Endovirus 4 lrv 2 lrv

TOC AVG. 70% avg. 30%

• Cov nyhuv pwm tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov dej nyoos
• Nws tuaj yeem tshem cov chlorine-resistant cov kab mob
• Lub ultrafiltration mloog cov tshuaj tsuas yog cov tshuaj uas muaj nyob hauv cov dej qub
• Piv nrog lwm cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj, tus nqi ntawm sediment hauv ultrafiltration yog tsawg dua
• Cov qauv kev cog lus ntawm lub bracket txhim kho qhov chaw siv, txuag cov nqi, thiab tseem tuaj yeem hloov tau hauv cov khoom siv uas twb muaj lawm.
• Ultrafiltration tuaj yeem ua tiav kev lag luam tshuab ua tiav tas li.
• Txij li thaum ultrafiltration tuaj yeem yuav luag txhua cov tshuaj uas tsim cov txheej txheem npog tom ntej, yog li txo cov nplai ntawm cov khoom siv ua kom huv si.

Cov dej nyoos nkag mus rau sab hauv kab noj hniav ntawm lub hollow fiber thiab yog lim los ntawm sab hauv sab nraud los ntawm cov fiber ntau.

Feem ntau cov dej nyoos nkag los ntawm ib qho kawg ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab ntws los ntawm tag nrho ntev ntawm cov siab ntawm 30-40 psi.

Qhov mloog zoo nrog cov ntsiab lus zoo dua yog rho tawm ntawm lwm qhov kawg ntawm daim nyias nyias.

Qhov kev tso cai no ntws mus rau hauv cov tshuaj ntim khoom ntim rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm daim nyias nyias nyias tom qab muaj cov xov xwm fiber ntau. Lub allate ntws tawm ntawm lub chaw nruab nrab ntawm txhua lub cev ntawm cov dej sib sau cov yeeb nkab.

Ultrafiltration feem ntau muaj ob txoj kev ua haujlwm txheej txheem raws li qhov zoo ntawm cov dej nyoos: kev tuag-kawg filtration hom thiab cov txheej txheem paltration faltration hom.

4.1 Txoj kev tuag-kawg filtration hom

Feem ntau siv thaum cov khib nyiab tshem tawm thiab cov ntsiab lus colloid hauv cov dej nyoos yog tsawg (xws li ss<5, turbidity <5NTU). The raw water enters the membrane tube at a low cross-flow rate, and the concentrated water is discharged from the other end of the membrane tube at a certain proportion. The produced water is produced on the filtrate side of the membrane tube, and the water recovery rate is usually 90%-99%, which is determined by the quality of the raw water. Compared with the circulation mode, the operating cost of dead-end filtration is low, but the recovery rate and the water output capacity of the system may be limited. This mode usually requires regular fast flushing and backwashing to maintain the system output. When the dirt accumulates to a certain extent, chemical cleaning is required for treatment.

4.2 Kev Sib Tw / Hla-Flow Filltration hom

Thaum cov khib nyiab khib nyiab cov ntsiab lus hauv cov dej nyoos yog qhov siab thiab hauv cov dej tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los tswj hwm tus nqi siab hauv daim nyias nyias. Qhov no yuav ua rau dej khib nyiab ntau. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob pov tseg, cov dej tawm kom zoo dua yuav rov ua haujlwm dua thiab xa rov qab mus rau daim nyias nyias. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, txawm hais tias tus nqi rov qab los ntawm cov raj mis rov qab yog txo, tus nqi rov qab los ntawm tag nrho cov kab ke tseem tuaj yeem yog siab heev. Hauv hom no, lub peev txheej dej rov qab los tsis tu ncua ntawm daim nyias nyias. Lub kev kub ceev ntawm cov dej ncig ua txwv kev sib txuam ntawm cov khoom sib txuam ntawm cov khoom ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab ua kom cov flux. Vim tias cov dej tsis muaj zog ua rau cov dej, kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig zoo, kev noj hluav taws xob ntau dua qhov kev tuag-kawg Filtration hom.