III. Water Quality Indicator Terminology
1. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH): Ib txoj kev qhia txog hydrogen ion concentration. Nws yog qhov tsis zoo logarithm ntawm hydrogen ion concentration (kev ua) hauv cov kua dej aqueous, piv txwv li, -lg[H+]. Qhia txog acidity los yog alkalinity ntawm cov qauv dej thiab yog dimensionless.
2. Conductivity (σ): Sawv cev lub peev xwm ntawm kev daws teeb meem rau hluav taws xob tam sim no. Nws yog reciprocal ntawm resistivity. Chav tsev yog Siemens ib 'meter' (S / m). Ib qho yooj yim unit conversion yog raws li nram no:
1 μS/cm=0.001 mS/cm=0.0001 S/m
3. Resistivity (ρ): Lub cev muaj nuj nqis uas ntsuas qhov tsis kam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tam sim no. Nws yog reciprocal ntawm conductivity. Chav tsev feem ntau yog ohms ib 'meter' (Ω * m). Yooj yim hloov unit yog raws li nram no:
1 MΩ * cm=10000 Ω * m
4. Turbidity (TUB): Qhov no yog hais txog qib uas ib qho kev daws teeb meem cuam tshuam qhov kev pom ntawm lub teeb. Nws suav nrog kev tawg ntawm lub teeb los ntawm cov teeb meem tshem tawm thiab kev nqus ntawm lub teeb los ntawm cov kuab tshuaj molecules. Lub turbidity ntawm dej tsis yog tsuas yog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm tshem tawm cov teeb meem tab sis kuj rau lawv qhov loj, zoo, thiab refractive index. Unit yog NTU/TU.
5. Chromaticity: Cov xim ntawm cov dej (xim av thiab saturation, tsis suav nrog brightness). Nws yuav tsum tau qhia meej rau 15 feeb ua ntej ntsuas, thiab tus nqi pH yuav tsum raug sau tseg. Chav tsev yog degrees.
6. Hardness ntawm dej: Lub peev xwm ntawm calcium thiab magnesium ions nyob rau hauv dej los precipitate soapy dej. Qhov ntau calcium thiab magnesium ions tam sim no, lub hardness ntau dua. Nws muab faib ua ib ntus hardness (carbonate) thiab mus tas li hardness (non-carbonate). Qhov ntsuas yog mmol / L lossis mg / L.
7. Alkalinity (ALK): Hais txog tag nrho cov khoom hauv dej uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua qaub muaj zog. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog tag nrho cov khoom uas tuaj yeem txais protons (H +). Qhov no suav nrog cov hauv paus muaj zog, tsis muaj zog hauv paus, thiab ntsev ntawm cov hauv paus muaj zog thiab cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog. Lub alkalinity nyob rau hauv cov dej ntuj yog tshwm sim los ntawm bicarbonates (CHO3-), carbonates, thiab hydroxides, nrog bicarbonates yog thawj daim ntawv ntawm alkalinity. Qhov ntsuas yog mmol / L.
8. Acidity: Hais txog tag nrho cov khoom hauv dej uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub hauv paus muaj zog. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog tag nrho cov khoom uas tuaj yeem txais cov protons (OH-). Qhov no suav nrog inorganic acids, organic acids, thiab ntsev ntawm cov acids muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog hauv paus. Chav tsev yog (KOH) / (mg / g).
9. Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Molecular oxygen yaj hauv dej. DO yog qhov qhia txog lub cev dej ntawm tus kheej -purification peev. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv corrosion, boiler dej thiab cov khoom zoo sib xws muaj cov cai nruj rau DO. Qhov ntsuas yog mg / L.
10. Cov tshuaj chlorine residual: Tag nrho cov tshuaj chlorine muaj nyob rau hauv dej tom qab cov tshuaj chlorine ntxiv reacts thaum dej tua kab mob. Cov tshuaj chlorine ntau dhau yuav ua rau cov dej tsis zoo, thaum cov tshuaj chlorine tsis txaus yuav ua rau cov dej tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj menyuam. Qhov ntsuas yog mg / L.
11. Suspended Solids (SS): Cov khoom uas raug tshem tawm hauv dej, suav nrog cov khoom tsis sib haum xeeb thiab cov organic, nrog rau cov av nplaum, av nplaum, thiab cov kab mob. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas qhov ntsuas dej muaj kuab paug thiab yog qhov ua rau muaj dej turbidity. Qhov ntsuas yog mg / L.
12. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): Cov pa oxygen noj thaum cov tshuaj oxidants (xws li potassium permanganate thiab potassium dichromate) oxidize aerobic pollutants nyob rau hauv dej nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia txog kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm cov dej paug. CODMn / CODcr xa mus rau kev siv KMnO4 thiab K2Cr2O7 oxidants, feem. Qhov ntsuas yog mg / L.
Lus Cim: Rau kev sib txawv zoo, CODMn feem ntau hu ua poov tshuaj permanganate Performance index, feem ntau siv hauv cov dej ntshiab, thaum CODcr feem ntau siv hauv cov ntawv siv dej khib nyiab.
13. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): Qhov no yog hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov pa oxygen uas tau siv los ntawm cov kab mob thaum lub sij hawm decomposition thiab oxidation ntawm cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv dej raws li lub sij hawm, kub, thiab tej yam kev mob. Nws feem ntau saib xyuas cov pa phem ntawm cov organic teeb meem. BOD5 yog tsib - hnub biochemical oxygen xav tau. Ib qho BOD5 / CODcr piv ntau dua 0.3 qhia tias dej biodegradability zoo. Qhov ntsuas yog mg / L.
14. Tag Nrho Oxygen Demand (TOD): Cov pa oxygen xav tau los txo cov tshuaj hauv dej kom hlawv mus rau hauv cov oxides ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. TOD > CODcr > BOD5. Qhov ntsuas yog mg / L.
15. Total Organic Carbon (TOC): Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv dej. Qhov ntsuas yog mg / L.
16. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N, qhia raws li N): Nitrogen hauv dej uas muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv dawb ammonia (NH3) thiab ammonium ions (NH4+). Tsiaj txhu - muab tau cov organic teeb meem feem ntau muaj cov ntsiab lus nitrogen ntau dua li cov nroj tsuag los ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Unit: mg/L.
17. Tag nrho cov phosphorus (TP): Tag nrho cov phosphorus hauv dej hauv txhua hom. Phosphate cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem coagulation. Phosphorus yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob algal; phosphorus ntau dhau ua rau eutrophication. Unit: mg/L.
18. Tag nrho cov nitrogen (TN): Tag nrho cov inorganic thiab organic nitrogen nyob rau hauv dej nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov ntaub ntawv. Tag nrho cov nitrogen=organic nitrogen (organic nitrogen=protein nitrogen + tsis-protein nitrogen) + inorganic nitrogen (inorganic nitrogen=ammonia nitrogen + NO2- +} NO3-), qhia txog qib ntawm cov khoom muaj kuab paug hauv dej. Unit: mg/L.
19. Sludge Density Index (SDI): Siv los ntsuas tus nqi ntawm cov khib nyiab tshem tawm hauv cov dej nyoos siv hauv qhov rov qab osmosis. Nws sawv cev rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom, colloids, thiab lwm yam khoom nyob rau hauv cov dej uas tuaj yeem txhaws ntau yam dej huv huv, thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txheeb xyuas seb cov effluent los ntawm pretreatment system ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau rov qab osmosis pub dej.
Lus Cim: Kev ntsuas SDI yog ua los ntawm kev lim dej nyob rau hauv qhov siab ntawm 207 kPa siv txoj kev ncaj nraim tam sim no (tsis muaj kev sib tshuam). Feem ntau, 0.45 μm ncig daim nyias nyias yog siv los ntsuas 500 mL dej qauv rau 15 feeb. SDI tuaj yeem suav nrog cov qauv hauv qab no:
20. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): Tag nrho cov khoom yaj hauv dej, uas sawv cev rau cov khoom tsis muaj sia nyob tom qab lim tawm cov khib nyiab tshem tawm (SS) thiab colloids thiab evaporating tag nrho cov dej. Qhov ntsuas yog mg / L.
Nco tseg: Hauv qis -cov kev daws teeb meem (TDS Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 150 mg / L), muaj cov lej sib raug zoo ntawm TDS thiab conductivity, piv txwv li, conductivity (μs / cm)=2 * TDS (mg / L).
21. Oxidation-Txo Muaj Peev Xwm (ORP): Lub macroscopic oxidation-txo cov cuab yeej tso tawm los ntawm txhua yam khoom hauv cov kua dej. Lub ORP siab dua qhia tias muaj zog oxidizing zog, thiab rov ua dua. Unit yog mV.
22. Tus nqi ntawm Desalination: Hais txog feem pua ntawm cov anions thiab cations tshem tawm ntawm dej thaum lub sij hawm chemical los yog ion pauv txheej txheem. Hauv kev siv tswv yim, nws feem ntau hais txog kev tshem tawm ntsev ntawm qhov rov qab osmosis system. Cov mis laij lej yog: Desalination Rate=(Tag nrho Pub Dej Ntsev Cov Ntsiab Lus - Tag Nrho Cov Khoom Dej Cov Ntsiab Cai) / Tag Nrho Pub Dej Cov Ntsiab Lus × 100%. Tus qauv ntsuas ceev yog: (Raw Water Conductivity - Khoom Dej Conductivity) / Raw Water Conductivity.
23. Tus nqi rov qab: Qhov no yog hais txog qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom siv dej ntws mus rau tus nqi pub dej ntws. Cov mis yog: Khoom dej ntws tus nqi / Pub dej ntws tus nqi × 100%. Nyob rau hauv ib tug unidirectional system, pub dej txaus tus nqi ≈ Khoom dej txaus tus nqi + Concentrate txaus tus nqi.
24. Concentration polarization: Qhov no yog hais txog kev xaiv hloov pauv ntawm qee yam khoom los ntawm daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm transmembrane tsav tsheb, ua rau muaj qhov concentration gradient ntawm daim nyias nyias / kev daws teeb meem. Concentration polarization cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem sib cais. Txhawm rau txo cov concentration polarization, qhov ntws ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm cov membranes yog nce, thiab turbulence yog nce.
25. Parts per million (ppm): Qhov no sawv cev rau ib feem ntawm ib lab ntawm ib chav tsev loj lossis ntim, piv txwv li, 1 ppm=1/10^(-6), feem ntau xa mus rau milligrams ib liter (mg/L).
26. Parts per billion (ppb): Qhov no sawv cev rau ib feem ntawm ib billion ntawm ib chav tsev loj lossis ntim, piv txwv li, 1 ppb=1/10^(-9), feem ntau xa mus rau micrograms ib liter (ug/L). 27. Parts per trillion: Qhov no yog hais txog ib trillionth ntawm ib chav tsev loj lossis ntim, piv txwv li, 1 ppt=1/10^(-12), feem ntau qhia ua picograms ib liter (pg/L).