Desalination yog tsim cov dej tshiab los ntawm desalination ntawm seawater. Nws yog ib qho qhib-qhov kev txhawb nqa thev naus laus zis kom paub txog kev siv cov peev txheej dej. Nws tuaj yeem nce tag nrho cov dej tshiab, thiab tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lub sijhawm, qhov chaw thiab kev nyab xeeb. Nws tuaj yeem ua kom muaj dej ruaj khov rau cov dej haus rau cov neeg nyob hauv ntug hiav txwv thiab dej ntxiv rau cov boilers muaj.
Cov txheej txheem kom tau txais cov dej tshiab los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv hu ua desalination. Cov txheej txheem desalination siv suav nrog dej hiav txwv khov, electrodialysis, distillation, thim rov qab osmosis, thiab ammonium carbonate ion pauv. Daim ntawv thov rov qab osmosis membrane thiab distillation yog lub ntsiab hauv kev ua lag luam.
Ntau tshaj 100 lub koom haum tshawb fawb tshawb fawb hauv ntau tshaj kaum lub teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb tab tom tshawb fawb txog desalination, thiab muaj ntau pua qhov chaw desalination nrog cov qauv sib txawv thiab muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm. Ib tsob nroj loj loj niaj hnub no tuaj yeem tsim ntau txhiab, kaum tawm txhiab lossis ze li ib lab tons ntawm cov dej tshiab txhua hnub. Tus nqi ntawm cov dej tsis tu ncua, thiab qee lub tebchaws tau txo nws mus rau tus nqi zoo ib yam li cov kais dej. Tus nqi ntawm cov dej desalinated hauv qee qhov chaw tau mus txog qhov ntsuas dej ntawm lub teb chaws thiab lub nroog.
Cov txheej txheem
Muaj ntau tshaj 20 seawater desalination technologies nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, xws li rov qab osmosis, tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, multi-theem flash evaporation, electrodialysis, chav distillation, dew point evaporation, hydropower cogeneration, thermal membrane cogeneration, thiab seawater desalination technology siv nuclear zog. , hnub ci zog, cua zog, tidal zog, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau ntau yam kev kho ua ntej thiab tom qab kev kho mob xws li microfiltration, ultrafiltration, thiab nanofiltration.
Los ntawm kev faib tawm dav dav, nws feem ntau muab faib ua ob pawg: distillation (thermal method) thiab membrane method. Ntawm lawv, tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig distillation, ntau theem flash evaporation thiab thim rov qab osmosis membrane txoj kev yog cov thev naus laus zis hauv ntiaj teb. Feem ntau hais lus, tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob, tsis tshua muaj dej hiav txwv pretreatment, thiab siab desalinated dej zoo; thim rov qab osmosis membrane txoj kev muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev nqis peev tsawg thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, tab sis siab seawater pretreatment xav tau; multi-theem flash evaporation txoj kev muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej paub tab, txhim khu kev qha kev lag luam, thiab cov khoom siv loj, tab sis kev siv zog siab. Nws yog feem ntau ntseeg hais tias tsis tshua muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam distillation thiab rov qab osmosis membrane txoj kev yog yav tom ntej kev taw qhia. Nws yog kwv yees hais tias nyob rau lub sij hawm 12th Tsib-xyoo Plan lub sij hawm, kuv lub teb chaws lub seawater desalination yuav ncav cuag 1.5 lab mus rau 2 lab tons ib hnub twg, uas yog peb los yog plaub lub sij hawm tam sim no muaj peev xwm ntau lawm, thiab cov peev txheej yuav ncav cuag li 20 billion yuan.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm khov seawater desalination txoj kev: Lub triple point ntawm seawater yog ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb uas peb theem ntawm seawater vapor, kua thiab khoom coexist thiab ncav cuag equilibrium. Yog hais tias lub siab los yog kub deviates los ntawm triple point, qhov nyiaj tshuav raug rhuav tshem, thiab peb theem yuav cia li zoo li ib los yog ob theem. Nqus freezing txoj kev seawater desalination yog ib tug nqi qis desalination txoj kev uas siv peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm seawater, siv dej nws tus kheej raws li ib tug refrigerant, ua rau seawater evaporate thiab khov nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thiab ces sib cais thiab ntxuav cov dej khov muaju kom tau desalinated. dej. Piv nrog rau distillation thiab membrane desalination, khov seawater desalination muaj tsawg zog noj, lub teeb corrosion thiab scaling, yooj yim pretreatment, me me kev nqis peev, thiab muaj peev xwm lis dej hiav txwv nrog siab ntsev cov ntsiab lus. Nws yog ib qho zoo tagnrho seawater desalination txoj kev.
Txoj kev khov
Txoj kev khov, uas yog, khov dej hiav txwv kom khov nws, thiab ntsev tau sib cais thaum cov kua dej hiav txwv ua dej khov. Ob txoj kev khov thiab txoj kev distillation muaj qhov tsis zoo uas nyuaj rau kev kov yeej. Txoj kev distillation siv ntau lub zog thiab tsim ntau qhov ntsuas hauv qhov ntsuas, tab sis cov dej tshiab tau txais tsis ntau; txoj kev khov kuj siv tau ntau lub zog, tab sis cov dej tshiab tau txais qab qab tsis zoo thiab nyuaj rau siv.
Precooling ntawm cov dej khov seawater desalination txheej txheem Tom qab degassing, cov dej hiav txwv muaj peev xwm pauv cov cua sov nrog cov concentrated brine thiab desalinated dej tawm los ntawm evaporation crystallizer, thiab precool mus ze ntawm qhov chaw khov ntawm cov dej hiav txwv. Degassing ntawm cov dej khov seawater desalination txheej txheem Vim hais tias cov roj uas tsis yog-condensable yaj nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv yuav luag tag nrho tso tawm nyob rau hauv tsis tshua muaj siab tej yam kev mob, thiab yuav tsis condense nyob rau hauv lub condenser. Qhov no yuav ua rau kom lub siab ntawm lub system, ua rau lub siab nyob rau hauv lub evaporation crystallizer siab tshaj ob-theem taw tes siab, ua kom puas lub lag luam. Obviously, txoj kev decompression degassing yog tsim rau qhov system no.
Txoj kev Distillation
Desalination yog qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau evaporation thiab khov tus nqi ntawm seawater.
Ice-ntsev dej nyob rau hauv seawater desalination txheej txheem yog ib tug solid-kua system. Txoj kev sib cais ib txwm muaj peev xwm cais cov dej khov dej ntsev, tab sis txoj kev sib cais sib txawv yuav ua rau cov ntsev sib txawv hauv cov dej khov uas tau txais. Cov txiaj ntsig kev sim qhia tau hais tias cov ntsev cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej khov uas tau txais los ntawm txoj kev nqus pom pom tsawg dua li cov dej khov uas tau txais los ntawm txoj kev pom kev zoo li qub.
Steam condensation nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem desalination Nyob rau hauv lub evaporation crystallizer, ntxiv rau cov nag lossis daus ntawm cov dej khov los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv, cov pa loj yuav raug tsim tawm. Cov chav no yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm hauv lub sijhawm kom cov dej hiav txwv evaporate thiab khov tsis tu ncua.
Rov qab osmosis
Feem ntau hu ua ultrafiltration, nws yog ib txoj kev sib cais membrane desalination uas tsuas yog tau txais los ntawm xyoo 1953. Txoj kev no siv cov semipermeable membrane uas tsuas yog tso cai rau cov kuab tshuaj hla dhau tab sis tsis solutes kom dhau los ntawm cov dej hiav txwv los ntawm cov dej tshiab. Nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj xwm txheej, dej tshiab diffuses los ntawm semipermeable membrane mus rau seawater sab, yog li maj mam nce cov kua theem ntawm seawater sab kom txog thaum nws nres ntawm ib qho siab. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua osmosis. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, lub siab zoo li qub ntawm cov kab dej ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv yog hu ua osmotic siab.
Yog hais tias lub siab sab nraud siab dua li osmotic siab ntawm seawater yog siv rau sab dej hiav txwv, cov dej ntshiab hauv dej hiav txwv yuav thim rov qab osmosis rau hauv dej tshiab. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm thim rov qab osmosis yog lub zog txuag. Nws lub zog noj tsuas yog 1/2 ntawm cov electrodialysis thiab 1/40 ntawm cov distillation. Yog li ntawd, txij li xyoo 1974, cov teb chaws tsim kho xws li Tebchaws Meskas thiab Nyij Pooj tau hloov pauv lawv txoj kev loj hlob mus rau qhov rov qab osmosis.
Rov qab osmosis seawater desalination thev naus laus zis tau tsim kho sai, thiab qhov project tus nqi thiab cov nqi khiav lag luam tau txo qis. Txoj kev loj hlob tseem ceeb yog los txo cov kev khiav hauj lwm siab ntawm thim rov qab osmosis daim nyias nyias, txhim kho tus nqi rov qab osmosis tshuab, pheej yig thiab siv tau zoo pretreatment technology, thiab txhim kho lub cev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj.
Hnub ci zog txoj kev
Tib neeg siv lub hnub ci zog rau desalinate seawater nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov hnub, feem ntau yog siv hnub ci zog rau distillation, yog li thaum ntxov hnub ci desalination li feem ntau hu ua solar distiller. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub hnub ci tsis muaj zog distillation yog lub hnub ci distiller, uas tau siv ze li ntawm 150 xyoo. Vim nws cov qauv yooj yim thiab cov khoom siv tau yooj yim, nws tseem siv dav.
Kev tshawb fawb ntawm disc hnub ci distiller feem ntau tsom rau kev xaiv cov ntaub ntawv, kev txhim kho ntawm ntau yam thermal zog, thiab nws siv nrog rau ntau yam hnub ci sau. Piv nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ib txwm muaj thiab cov khoom siv cua sov, lub hnub ci zog muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Kev sib xyaw hnub ci zog sau nrog cov txheej txheem desalination yog kev siv tshuab desalination ruaj khov.
Hnub ci desalination thev naus laus zis tau maj mam nyiam tib neeg cov xim vim nws qhov zoo ntawm tsis siv lub zog ib txwm, tsis muaj kuab paug, thiab siab purity ntawm cov dej tshiab. Lub hnub ci distillation txoj kev siv lub hnub ci distiller yooj yim. Lub distiller muaj ib lub tank dej nrog ib tug dub ntxeem tau muaj qhov tseem ceeb floating qhov nyob rau hauv lub tank dej. Sab saum toj ntawm lub tank yog them nrog pob tshab, ntug-sealed iav npog. Lub hnub ci dhau los ntawm lub pob tshab npog thiab tau npaj mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank dub, qhov twg nws hloov mus rau hauv lub zog cua sov. Yog li ntawd, qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov dej hauv cov tub ntxhais yas yog ib txwm siab dua qhov kub ntawm qhov hauv qab ntawm cov pob tshab npog txheej. Cov dej evaporates los ntawm cov tub ntxhais xav tau, thiab cov chav diffuses mus rau txheej txheej kom txias rau hauv cov kua thiab tawm mus rau hauv lub tank opaque distillation.
Tsawg-kub distillation
Tsawg-temperature multi-effect seawater desalination technology yog hais txog cov distillation desalination tshuab nrog siab tshaj evaporation kub ntawm brine hauv qab 70 degree. Nws cov yam ntxwv yog tias cov kab kab rov tav cov yeeb yaj kiab evaporators poob rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab txuas nrog, qee qhov ntawm chav nkag nkag mus rau thawj cov nyhuv, thiab qhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov nyhuv tom ntej yog qis dua li cov nyhuv dhau los. Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm ntau yam evaporations thiab condensations, desalination txheej txheem ntawm cov dej distilled nrog ntau zaus ntawm cov pa tau txais.
Multi-effect evaporation yog evaporate cov dej hiav txwv rhuab nyob rau hauv ntau lub evaporators nyob rau hauv series, thiab cov chav evaporated los ntawm yav dhau los evaporator yog siv los ua cua sov qhov chaw ntawm lub evaporator tom ntej no thiab condensed rau hauv dej tshiab. Ntawm lawv, qhov kub thiab txias ntau qhov cuam tshuam distillation yog ib txoj hauv kev txuag hluav taws xob tshaj plaws hauv distillation. Vim yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob, kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg-kub distillation tshuab tau tsim sai heev, qhov ntsuas ntawm cov cuab yeej tau nthuav dav, thiab tus nqi tau txo qis. Txoj kev loj hlob tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm siv cov ntaub ntawv pheej yig los txo cov nqi engineering, nce kev khiav hauj lwm kub, thiab txhim kho cov hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg-kub distillation seawater desalination cov cuab yeej muaj xws li chav dej, lub tshuab xa dej, cov evaporator, lub tank dej tshiab thiab lub tank dej concentrated, nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv raw ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab. cov nyhuv evaporator. Cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no: (1) cov dej xa dej txau dej hiav txwv; (2) cov khoom siv raw yog nkag mus rau hauv lub raj evaporation ntawm cov nyhuv nruab nrab evaporator; (3) lub evaporation ntawm lub raj xa mus rau hauv lub evaporation tube thiab hloov cov cua sov, thiab sab nraud ntawm lub evaporation raj absorbs cua sov los tsim evaporation; (4) Cov chav tshiab yog thauj mus rau cov raj evaporation ntawm ob sab ntawm nws. Sab nraud ntawm lub raj absorbs cua sov thiab ua evaporation; (6) txhua qhov cuam tshuam evaporator rov ua dua cov txheej txheem evaporation thiab condensation; (7) dej distilled nkag mus rau hauv lub tank dej tshiab; (8) concentrated brine nkag mus rau hauv cov concentrated dej tank.
Multi-theem flash evaporation
Flash evaporation yog hais txog qhov tshwm sim uas ib feem ntawm cov dej hiav txwv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias evaporates sai heev nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev poob siab sai. Multi-theem flash evaporation seawater desalination yog kom evaporate cov dej hiav txwv rhuab nyob rau hauv ntau lub flash chambers nrog maj mam txo cov pressures nyob rau hauv lem, thiab condense lub chav kom tau txais cov dej tshiab. Lub ntiaj teb no seawater desalination ntaus ntawv tseem muaj cov khoom siv loj tshaj plaws thiab cov thev naus laus zis tshaj plaws, kev ua haujlwm siab kev nyab xeeb thiab yooj yim nrog ntau theem flash evaporation txoj kev. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog thermal fais fab nroj tsuag thiab yog haum rau loj thiab super-loj desalination li. Nws yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv Gulf lub teb chaws. Multi-theem flash evaporation technology yog paub tab thiab txhim khu kev qha hauv kev ua haujlwm. Txoj kev loj hlob tseem ceeb yog los txhim kho cov dej tsim muaj peev xwm ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm cov cuab yeej, txo lub zog siv hluav taws xob, thiab txhim kho kev hloov hluav taws xob.
Txoj kev electrodialysis
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev no yog kev tsim cov ion pauv tshiab membrane. Ion txauv membrane yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm membrane nrog lub thickness ntawm {{0}}}5-1.0mm, uas muab faib ua zoo ion pauv membrane (cation membrane) thiab tsis zoo ion pauv membrane (anion membrane) Raws li nws xaiv permeability. Electrodialysis yog los hloov kho cov kev xaiv permeable cation membrane thiab anion membrane los tsim ntau qhov chaw ywj pheej uas cov dej hiav txwv desalinated, thaum cov nyob ib sab yog cov concentrated, thiab cov dej tshiab thiab cov dej concentrated sib cais. Electrodialysis tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog desalinate seawater, tab sis kuj tseem siv tau los ua kev kho dej kom zoo los pab txhawb kev rov siv cov dej phwj tuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev no kuj tau siv ntau ntxiv hauv cov concentration, kev sib cais thiab kev ua kom huv ntawm cov tshuaj, tshuaj, zaub mov thiab lwm yam lag luam.
Chav distillation
Txoj kev distillation yog ib txoj hauv kev kom sov dej hiav txwv kom boil thiab vaporize nws, thiab ces condensing lub chav rau hauv dej tshiab. Txoj kev distillation ntawm seawater desalination tshuab yog qhov ntxov tshaj plaws desalination tshuab muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv thov kev lag luam. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv tau txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov chaw muaj kuab lom thiab lom zem heev hauv seawater ib puag ncig, thiab cov dej uas tsim tawm yog siab purity. Piv nrog rau membrane seawater desalination technology, txoj kev distillation muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev siv cov cua kub qis los ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob thiab lwm cov chaw tsim khoom, muaj cov kev xav tau tsawg rau cov dej hiav txwv zoo, thiab muaj peev xwm ntau lawm ntawm cov cuab yeej. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb rau seawater desalination tam sim no.
Dew point evaporation
Dew point evaporation desalination technology yog ib txoj hauv kev tshiab rau desalination ntawm cov dej brackish thiab dej hiav txwv. Nws yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov cab kuj roj av humidification thiab dehumidification, thaum rov qab cov cua sov ntawm condensation thiab dehumidification, thiab lub tshav kub hloov efficiency yog tswj los ntawm lub tshav kub hloov nyob rau hauv lub mixed gas sab. Lub tshuab dew point evaporation desalination tshuab siv huab cua ua tus nqa khoom, thiab tsim cov dej tshiab los ntawm humidifying thiab dehumidifying nws nrog seawater los yog dej brackish, thiab khub niam txiv cov txheej txheem dehumidification nrog cov txheej txheem humidification los ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob, kom lub latent cua sov ntawm condensation ncaj qha mus. mus rau lub evaporation chamber, muab lub latent cua sov ntawm vaporization rau evaporation ntawm ntsev dej, thiaj li mus txhim kho cov thermal efficiency ntawm cov txheej txheem. Ob qhov av humidification / dehumidification txuas nrog dew point evaporation desalination cov cuab yeej nrog cov cua sov hloov chaw ntawm 9.6 m2 thiab 2.75 m2 tau tsim. Cov khoom siv sim ua sib xws thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv computer tau tsim los. Cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab qhov ntsuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov dej dew taw tes evaporation desalination thiab kev hloov kho cua sov / huab hwm coj hloov pauv desalination sim ua tiav tiav.
Lub tshuab nqus tsev khov
Cov txheej txheem nqus dej khov seawater desalination muaj xws li degassing, precooling, evaporation crystallization, ice crystal washing, steam condensation thiab lwm cov kauj ruam. Cov khoom siv dej hiav txwv desalinated tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov qauv dej haus hauv lub tebchaws thiab yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws seawater desalination.
Txoj kev tshiab adsorption-Non-pressurized osmotic adsorption
Non-pressurized adsorption osmotic desalination, los yog "forward osmosis", tso cai rau cov dej kom dhau los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau hauv cov tshuaj los yog khoom nrog super absorbent. Cov ntsev concentration yog ntau dua li cov dej hiav txwv, tab sis cov ntsev tshwj xeeb hauv cov tshuaj evaporate yooj yim. Nws muab faib ua cov ntsev thiab kua ntsev cov lus qhia. Khoom ntsev desorption siv tsawg zog.
Lwm ob txoj hauv kev muaj kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev txhim kho hauv zaj duab xis qauv:
Carbon nanotube zaj duab xis yog ib zaj duab xis nrog qhov me me ua los ntawm carbon nanotubes, thiab lwm zaj duab xis rau permeation.
Protein membrane yog ib zaj duab xis nrog pores ua los ntawm cov proteins uas coj cov dej molecules los ntawm cov cell membrane ntawm cov cell nyob.