Dej yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej, thiab cov dej haus zoo ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau pej xeem kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ruaj ntseg hauv zej zog. Cov nroj tsuag kho dej, raws li lub hub txuas cov dej nyoos thiab cov neeg siv khoom, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab kev tswj xyuas meej. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, cov nroj tsuag kho dej siv cov reservoirs raws li lawv qhov chaw feem ntau ntsib qhov txawv txav pH qhov tseem ceeb hauv lawv cov dej nyoos. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov txheej txheem kho dej, tab sis kuj ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab rau cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov thiab qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm cov dej ntws tawm. Kev hloov pauv hauv pH ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kev kho mob xws li coagulation thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem corrosion los yog scaling hauv cov dej sib txuas. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev soj ntsuam zoo ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev nce pH qhov tseem ceeb hauv reservoirs thaum lub caij ntuj no, thiab kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua tau zoo raws li cov txheej txheem, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov dej thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev tswj xyuas cov nroj tsuag dej. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm no yuav piav qhia meej txog qhov teeb meem no.
I. Kev tshuaj xyuas tshwj xeeb
Qhov nce hauv pH ntawm lub pas dej thaum lub caij ntuj no yog qhov tshwm sim nyuaj uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam. Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb tuaj yeem sau tau raws li hauv qab no:
1. Kev hloov raws caij nyoog hauv Aquatic Biochemical Activity (Root Cause)
1.1 Txo Algal Kev Ua Haujlwm: Thaum lub caij ntuj sov, dej kub thiab tshav ntuj muaj zog ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm algal thiab muaj zog photosynthesis, haus carbon dioxide (CO₂) thiab tsim cov pa. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg yog: CO₂ + H₂O + Lub teeb → (CH₂O)ₙ (organic matter) + O₂. Cov txheej txheem no siv ntau cov CO₂ dawb hauv dej, hloov cov tshuaj sib npaug CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ mus rau sab laug, ua rau txo qis hauv H⁺ concentration thiab nce pH tseem ceeb.
1.2 Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav: Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, dej kub txo qis thiab tshav ntuj tsis muaj zog, ua rau muaj kev poob qis lossis txawm tias ua kom photosynthesis hauv algae. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua pa hauv dej (nrog rau cov kab mob thiab cov ntses) kuj nce ntxiv, siv cov pa oxygen thiab tsim CO₂. Kev sib sau ntawm CO₂ hloov cov tshuaj sib npaug mus rau sab xis, nce H⁺ concentration thiab theoretically txo pH. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej no nyuaj dua hauv cov dej tob tob.
2. Dej Temperature Stratification thiab Reversal (Physicochemical Coupling Reasons)
2.1 Lub caij ntuj sov Stratification: Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, reservoirs muaj dej kub stratification. Cov dej saum npoo av (epilimnion) yog sov, nrog cov algae nquag; Cov dej sib sib zog nqus (hypolimnion) yog txias thiab oxygen- tsis txaus, qhov twg cov teeb meem organic decomposes nyob rau hauv anaerobic tej yam kev mob, tsim alkaline tshuaj xws li ammonia nitrogen (NH₃) thiab hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).
2.1 Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav: Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab lub caij ntuj no, thaum kub poob, cov dej saum npoo av txias thiab ua kom ntom ntom, ua rau nws nkag mus rau hauv qab thiab ua rau txoj kab ntsug sib xyaw ua ke thoob plaws hauv lub reservoir -ib qho tshwm sim hu ua "reservoir turnover." Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no, cov dej txias uas nplua nuj nyob rau hauv alkaline tshuaj (xws li ammonia nitrogen) nyob rau hauv qab yog nqa mus thoob plaws hauv lub cev dej. Ammonia nitrogen yaj hauv dej los tsim ammonium hydroxide, uas yog alkaline: NH₃ + H₂O → NH₄⁺ + OH⁻. Qhov ncaj qha ntxiv ntawm OH⁻ sai sai ua rau pH tus nqi ntawm cov dej.
3. Kev hloov pauv hauv dej alkalinity thiab tsis siv tshuab
3.1 Lub cev dej ntuj muaj CO₂-HCO₃⁻-CO₃²⁻ buffer system. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, vim txo qis CO₂ ntau lawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm lom neeg thiab ua kom cov khoom alkaline los ntawm hauv qab, tag nrho cov alkalinity ntawm cov dej (tsuas yog tsim los ntawm HCO₃⁻ thiab CO₃²⁻) kuj yuav nce ntxiv. Thaum HCO₃⁻ concentration siab thiab CO₂ ib nrab siab qis, cov dej hauv lub cev muaj ntau dua ua alkaline.
4. Tib neeg thiab Environmental Factors
4.1 Agricultural Non-Point Source pollution: Yog tias muaj cov av ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv lub reservoir phiab, lub caij ntuj no dej ntws los ntawm teb tej zaum yuav muaj alkaline chiv Cheebtsam los yog av leachates uas tsis tau tag nrho absorbed los ntawm cov qoob loo, cuam tshuam pH tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub reservoir.
4.2 Kev hloov pauv hauv Hydrological Conditions: Txo cov nag lossis daus thiab cov dej ntws hauv lub caij ntuj no ua rau tsis muaj peev xwm dilution rau cov pa phem, uas ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov txheeb ze ntawm qee yam alkaline.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev nce pH hauv lub caij ntuj no yog txo qis CO₂ noj vim txo qis algal photosynthesis, thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej kub stratification thiab overturning, uas nqa cov khoom alkaline los ntawm cov txheej hauv qab mus rau tag nrho cov dej hauv lub cev.
II. Txhim kho cov txheej txheem zoo thiab daws teeb meem
Tau ntsib nrog siab -pH cov dej nyoos, cov nroj tsuag dej yuav tsum tau siv lub tswv yim zoo ntawm "saib xyuas thiab ceeb toom ntxov, ntau- theem tswj, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb."
1. Txhim kho qhov chaw saib xyuas thiab ceeb toom ntxov
1.1 Tsim kom muaj Kev Tshaj Tawm Txhua Hnub Raw Dej Zoo: Ua kom muaj qhov ntsuas ntsuas ntau zaus xws li pH, dej kub, alkalinity, ammonia nitrogen, thiab algae ntom ntom ntawm cov dej nyoos ntawm cov khoom noj kom sai li sai tau cov kev hloov pauv.
1.2 Koom tes nrog Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Hydrological thiab Environmental Protection: Nkag siab txog hydrological dynamics ntawm lub reservoir thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov pa phem nyob rau hauv lub watershed, kwv yees lub sij hawm ntawm "reservoir overflow," thiab npaj ua ntej.
2. Kev hloov ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb
2.1. Kev kho cov txheej txheem coagulation
2.1.1 Teeb meem: Cov pH siab heev yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau hydrolysis daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj txhuas / hlau ntsev coagulants, tsim cov khoom tsis zoo, ua rau cov nyhuv coagulation tsis zoo, me me flocs, nyuaj hauv sedimentation, nce effluent turbidity, thiab muaj peev xwm nce cov ntsiab lus txhuas seem.
2.2 Kev tiv thaiv:
2.2.1 Hloov Coagulant: Ua ntej hloov cov txhuas sulfate nrog polyaluminum chloride (PAC). PAC hydrolysis tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm pH, tswj kev coagulation zoo tshaj pH ntau yam (tshwj xeeb yog nruab nrab rau me ntsis alkaline).
2.2.2 Ntxiv cov coagulant aids: Siv cov khoom siv polymeric coagulant (xws li polyacrylamide, PAM) txhawm rau txhim kho cov qauv floc thiab kho thaj chaw.
2.2.3 Pre-coagulation pH hloov kho (qhov tseem ceeb ntsuas): Ntxiv cov kua qaub ua ntej coagulation kom txo cov dej nyoos pH mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua coagulant (feem ntau 6.5-7.5 rau txhuas sulfate thiab 6.5-8.0 rau PAC).
2.3. Kev hloov pauv pH (acid ntxiv)
2.3.1 Lub Hom Phiaj: Tsis tsuas yog txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom coagulation kev ua tau zoo, tab sis kuj ua kom cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov ntawm cov dej ntws tawm thiab tiv thaiv cov yeeb nkab corrosion lossis scaling.
2.4. Xaiv cov ntsiab lus acid ntxiv:
2.4.1. Ua ntej-coagulation ntxiv: Feem ntau ua haujlwm los txhim kho cov txheej txheem coagulation.
2.4.2. Ntxiv tom qab pom los yog ua ntej lub tank dej ntshiab: Siv rau qhov kawg qhov tseeb kev hloov kho ntawm pH ntawm cov dej kho, stabilizing nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tus qauv ntau (feem ntau 6.5-8.5) thiab ze li nruab nrab rau me ntsis alkaline li sai tau (piv txwv li, 7.0-7.8) kom cov dej muaj tshuaj stability.
2.4.3. Acidifier xaiv: Khoom noj khoom haus- qib carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl).
2.5. CO₂ (pom zoo): Kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws, tsis muaj kev phom sij, thiab ua rau cov alkalinity hauv dej los tsim HCO₃⁻. Cov txheej txheem hloov kho yog maj mam thiab yuav tsis ua rau thaj tsam dhau -acidity. Cov qauv tshuaj tiv thaiv yog: CO₂ + OH⁻ → HCO₃⁻. Txawm li cas los xij, kev nqis peev ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thiab cov nqi khiav lag luam yuav siab dua.
2.5.1 Sulfuric Acid/Hydrochloric Acid: Muaj zog pH hloov muaj peev xwm thiab tus nqi qis, tab sis corrosive heev. Cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb kev ua haujlwm nruj thiab kev tswj xyuas ntau npaum li cas yuav tsum tau zam kom tsis txhob muaj pH hauv zos uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv los yog cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem tom ntej.
2.6 Disinfection Process Optimization
2.6.1 Teeb meem: Kev nce pH cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob chlorine. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) yog cov tshuaj tua kab mob tseem ceeb, uas muaj nyob hauv qhov sib npaug nrog hypochlorite (OCl⁻): HOCl ⇌ H⁺ + OCl⁻. Qhov siab dua pH, qhov ntau dua qhov feem ntawm OCl⁻, thaum lub peev xwm tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm OCl⁻ tsuas yog 1/80-1/100 ntawm HOCl.
2.6.2 Kev ntsuas:
2.6.3 Xyuas kom lub sij hawm sib cuag (CT Tus Nqi): Nyob rau qib pH siab dua, CT tus nqi yuav tsum tau ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm kev nce cov tshuaj chlorine los yog ncua sij hawm sib cuag tshuaj tua kab mob kom ntseeg tau tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob zoo.
2.6.4 Xav txog lwm txoj kev tshuaj tua kab mob: Cov tshuaj tua kab mob chloramine tuaj yeem siv los ua lwm txoj hauv kev. Chloramine muaj kev ruaj ntseg dua thiab tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm pH, tab sis nws cov tshuaj tua kab mob qeeb dua. Qhov ua tau ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ultraviolet (UV) thiab tshuaj tua kab mob chlorine tuaj yeem raug soj ntsuam.
3. Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Thaum Muaj Xwm Ceev
3.1 Ua Kev Ntsuas Beaker: Ua cov kev ntsuam xyuas coagulation beaker txhua hnub raws li cov dej tsis zoo los txiav txim siab qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev siv cov coagulant, thiab seb puas xav tau ua ntej - acidification thiab nws npaum li cas.
3.2 Txhim Kho Cov Txheej Txheem Saib Xyuas: Teeb tsa cov ntsiab lus saib xyuas dej zoo tom qab txhua chav ua haujlwm (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration) kom saib xyuas cov kev hloov pauv hauv turbidity thiab pH, thiab muab cov lus qhia raws sijhawm thiab kev hloov kho.
3.3 Txoj Kev Npaj Kho Mob Kub Ceev: Tsim ib txoj kev npaj xwm txheej kub ntxhov rau kev nce siab hauv cov dej nyoos pH, qhia meej txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv lub peev xwm ntawm cov kua qaub, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kev tswj ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm pH sib txawv.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, qhov teeb meem ntawm cov dej nyoos nce pH hauv cov dej ua haujlwm thaum lub caij ntuj no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub voj voog dej thiab cov txheej txheem dej hauv dej. Cov neeg khiav dej num yuav tsum muaj - kev xav thiab cov tswv yim teb zoo los daws qhov teeb meem no. Ua kom muaj zog tiag tiag- lub sijhawm saib xyuas thiab ceeb toom ntxov ntawm cov dej tsis zoo, nkag siab tob txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm pH hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb xws li coagulation thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, thiab yooj yim siv ntau- theem kev sib koom ua ke los ntawm cov tswv yim xws li kev hloov pH, coagulant optimization, thiab txhim kho cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau lub caij no. Thaum kawg, xyuas kom meej tias cov dej ntws zoo ua tau raws li cov qauv yuav ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb, ruaj khov, thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv dej, kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg "dej kais dej." Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho kev xav tau xwb tab sis kuj yog ib qho kev xav txog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tuam txhab muab dej.